TEMPORAL ANALYSIS OF THE SURFACE AREA OF URBAN CAMPINA GRANDE WITH LANDSAT 5 TM

The thermal variations always have been at the center of discussions in the academy. Some arguments to explain temperature changes as a natural factor or responsibility of human actions has generated great debates and researches that aim to corroborate the defense of each perspective. With technological innovations and the creation of its countless techniques that make possible climate studies currently most accurate and comprehensive, research has become more refined and useful in order to contribute scientifically to actions that benefit the beings dependent on weather conditions for stable their survival. In this perspective, the Remote Sensing contributes essential to support environmental research. The present study aimed to analyze temporally punctual and measured temperatures in the mid of 1989 and 2007 relating to thermal variations occurring with urban growth, the occurrence of El Niño and La Niña and record rainfall in the urban area Campina Grande-PB. The use of satellite images to understand the thermal dynamics of the study area proved to be very useful tool, however, however, emphasizes the need to relate other climatic factors such as extreme events and the incidence observed in the rainfall collection dates image.


Introduction
Variations thermal phenomena are studied from when it began to conduct research on the environmental temperature.
Human actions affect the environment and consequently the thermal variations may cause an increase or decrease of temperature in given area indicator reflecting how some imbalances or natural tendencies. Several scientists have argued tirelessly that question, which is marked by adverse opinions, both in the degree of human interference (scale spacetime) as possible in cooling or warming of the globe.  questions whether the observed warming is natural or anthropogenic causes really, because he says there is evidence that the climate from about 800-1200 before the present, was warmer than today, where man interfered much less. This also reports that climatic variations over the last 150 years the climate warmed again after cooling.
According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change-IPCC in its fourth assessment report has been global warming (IPCC, 2007). Its causes are closely related to the increased concentration of carbon dioxide, the main transmitter is the activity of burning fossil fuels derived from oil in cars and also the change in land use, where deforestation is intrinsic condition of vegetation and man the main agent.
Researchers like Hieb & Hieb (2006) claim that water vapor is a greenhouse gas on

According to Diniz (2009) Campina
Grande is a medium-sized city and showed significant growth in recent years, where it was in the decades from 1940 to 1960 accelerated continuous surge in cotton production which served as a springboard for this expansion. Therefore, in the situation of the previous growth of the City and feasibility of obtaining data considered in the survey, the study area reveals a sample quite feasible to achieve expected results.

Characterization and Location of Study
Area.

Methodological Procedures
To conduct the survey, considering the Remote Sensing as a tool studies, we opted for the following: a) survey of references, b) preprocessing and processing of satellite images, c) organization of data.

Survey of References
The  by Bastiaanssen et al. 1995;Allen et al., 2002, Silva et al. 2005.
It is understood as the ratio between the flux of reflected solar radiation and the solar radiation flux incident. is the spectral radiance of each band, is the spectral irradiance in each band at the top of the atmosphere, Z is a solar zenith angle, and is the square of the ratio between the average Earth-Sun distance (ro) and the distance Earth-Sun (r ). Huete, 1988 To quantify changes in the use and occupation of land in the urban area after step described as reflectance was performed unsupervised classification (ISODATA) where initially the image was divided into ten (10) and later after classes to oversee the classification classes decreased for three (03): water or cloud, vegetated area and urbanized area.

SAVI -Soil
Aiming to assess the temporal surface temperature of the urban area of Campina Grande, after the last step described in Table   01 (Surface Temperature) was also performed unsupervised classification (ISODATA) that divided the surface temperature of twenty (20) intervals and after thermal the number of intervals supervising decreased to seven (07) ranges were duly colored for easier distinction of temperatures.

Data Organization
Two types of data were collected: those

Results and Discussion
In examining Figure 3 it was observed that there was a high increase in the surface temperature of the study area for the dates studied.    As for precipitation in the study area can be seen in Figure

Conclusions
Given the above, we attempted to analyze temporally and punctual temperatures The relationship between urban growth and the temperature can be argued that such an expansion can argue the increased thermal surface, because as the temperature increased, there was also growth at the expense of urban vegetation.
Observing the temperature and performance of El Niño and La Niña in the study area for the year 1989 it was possible to establish a direct relationship between these criteria, because as the temperature turns out to be low active phenomenon was that the La Niña feature is a consequence of its passage and decrease the local temperature of the affected region. However, the number of images analyzed is very small possibly not providing statistical significance.
According to the rainfall data, the year 2007 stands out for being the year with less frequency and volume of rainfall. Therefore, it is not possible to directly relate the volume of rainfall with increasing temperature.

Thanks
The coordination of LABINFO the use of your space and software; The Prof. Dr, Josicleda Domiciano Galvíncio the exemption in event registration.
The AESA for providing data on precipitation in Campina Grande monitored by the agency from 1994 to 2011.