Influence Of Underwater Hydrodynamics On Oil And Gas Blowouts Off Amazon River Mouth
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5914/tropocean.v46i1.237249Palavras-chave:
Oil/Gas Blowouts, Amazon River mouth, Atlantic Ocean, ROMS model, GAS_DOCEAN modelResumo
This study is focused on analyzing the behavior of oil/gas plumes from blowouts into deepwater, located at the northern Brazil continental shelf. The Regional Ocean Modeling System (ROMS) model is used to simulate ocean dynamics in the region 60.5°-24.0°W/5°S-16°N with 0.25° of resolution, 32 vertical levels and considering the discharges of the Amazon and Pará Rivers. The ROMS output are compared to Simple Ocean Data Assimilation (SODA) dataset. Three points were selected to make the numerical simulations, located at (50°W, 5.25°N), (44.5°W, 0.5°N) and (42.75°W, 1°S). The time step suggested by Lee and Cheung (1990) was adjusted due to the particular oceanographic conditions at each point, in which, the initial velocity tends to zero and the coefficient 0.1 of the original equation was replaced by 0.0250 and 0.0375. All the plumes behaved as type 3. The seasonal current speed was small from the bottom to the surface, usually not exceeding 0.25 ms-1; the maximum displacement of the plumes from its point of origin was not greater than 1 m. The mean plumes diameter on the surface ranged 54 - 79.7 m and the arrival time to the surface was from 7.25 to 8.05 hours.
Referências
Abimbola, M., Khan, F. and Khakzad, N. (2014), Dynamic safety risk analysis of offshore drilling, Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, Vol. 30, pp. 74–85.
de Andrade, M.M.N., Szlafsztein, C.F., Souza-Filho, P.W.M., dos Reis A.A. and Gomes, M.K.T. (2010), Journal of Environmental Management, Vol. 91, n. 10, pp. 1972–1980
Agência Nacional do Petróleo, Gás Natural e Biocombustíveis (ANP) (2017), Dados Georreferenciados dos Blocos em Exploração e Campos de Produção (Georeferenced Data of Blocks in Exploration and Production Fields), em: http://www.brasilrounds.gov.br/portugues/mapas_de_concessoes.asp. (accessed in January 12, 2018). Only in Portuguese.
Antonov, J., Seidov, D., Boyer, T., Locarnini, R., Mishonov, A., Garcia, H., Baranova, O., Zweng, M. and Johnson, D. (2010), Salinity, in Levitus, S. (Ed.), World Ocean Atlas 2009, US Gov. Print. Off., Washington, DC, vol. 2.
Arnault, S., Bourles, B., Gouriou, Y. and Chuchla, R. (1999), Intercomparison of upper layer circulation of the western equatorial Atlantic Ocean: In situ and satellite data, Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 104, pp. 21171–21194.
Bourles, B., Gouriou, Y. and Chuchla, R. (1999), On the circulation in the upper layer of the western Equatorial Atlantic, Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 104, pp. 21151–21170.
Carton, J.A., Chepurin, G. and Cao, X. (2000), A Simple Ocean Data Assimilation Analysis of the Global Upper Ocean 1950–95. Part I: Methodology, Journal of Physical Oceanography, Vol. 30, pp. 294-309.
Carvalho, M. and Gherardi, D.F.M. (2003), Uso de transformação IHS e classificação não supervisionada por regiões para o mapeamento da sensibilidade ambiental ao derramamento de óleo, in XI Simpósio Brasileiro de Sensoriamento Remoto, Belo Horizonte (MG). Anais... Belo Horizonte, pp. 1515–1523.
Charrouf, Z. and Guillaume, D. (2008), Argan oil: Occurrence, composition and impact on human health, European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology, Vol. 110, n. 7, pp. 632-636.
Chen, F. and Yapa, P.D. (2001), Estimating hydrate formation and decomposition of gases released in a deep-water ocean plume, Journal of Marine Systems, Vol. 30, pp. 21–32.
Chen, F. and Yapa, P.D., (2004), Modeling gas separation from a bent deep-water oil and gas jet/plum, Journal of Marine Systems, Vol. 45, pp. 189–203.
Coles, V.J., Brooks, M.T., Hopkins, J., Stukel, M.R., Yager, P.L. and Hood, R.R. (2013), The pathways and properties of the Amazon river plume in the tropical North Atlantic Ocean, Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, Vol. 118, pp. 6894–6913.
Da Silva, A., Young, A.C. and Levitus, S. (1994), Atlas of surface marine data 1994, volume 1: Algorithms and procedures, Technical Report 6.
Dai, A. and Trenberth, K.E., (2002), Estimates of Freshwater Discharge from Continents: Latitudinal and Seasonal Variations, Journal of Hydrometeorology, Vol. 3, pp. 660–687.
Dasanayaka, L.K. and Yapa, P.D. (2009), Role of plume dynamics phase in a deep-water oil and gas release model, Journal of Hydro-environment Research, Vol. 2, pp. 243–253.
De Dominicis, M., Pinardi, N., Zodiatis, G. and Lardner, R., (2013), MEDSLIK-II, a Lagrangian marine surface oil spill model for short-term forecasting–Part 1: Theory, Geoscientific Model Development, Vol. 6, pp. 1851–1869.
Dessier, A. and Donguy, J.R. (1994), The sea surface salinity in the tropical Atlantic between 10 S and 30 N-seasonal and interannual variations (1977-1989), Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers, Vol. 41, pp. 81–100.
D’Onofrio, E., Oreiro, F. and Fiore, M. (2012), Simplified empirical astronomical tide model—An application for the Río de la Plata estuary, Computers & Geosciences, Vol. 44, pp. 196–202.
Egbert, G.D., Bennett, A.F. and Foreman, M.G.G. (1994), TOPEX/POSEIDON tides estimated using a global inverse model, Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, Vol. 99, pp. 24821–24852.
Egbert, G.D. and Erofeeva, S.Y., (2002), Efficient inverse modeling of barotropic ocean tides, Journal of Oceanic and Atmospheric Technology, Vol. 19, pp. 183–204.
E&P Forum/UNEP - United Nations Environment Programme (1997), Environment management in oil and gas exploration and production: An overview of issues and management approach, Technical Report 37.
Fannelop, T. and Sjoen, K. (1980), Hydrodynamics of underwater blowouts, in: 18th Aerospace Sciences Meeting, 219p.
Foltz, G.R., Schmid, C. and Lumpkin, R. (2015), Transport of Surface Freshwater from the Equatorial to the Subtropical North Atlantic Ocean, Journal of Physical Oceanography, Vol. 45, pp. 1086–1102.
Fratantoni, D. (2001), North Atlantic surface circulation during the 1990’s North Atlantic surface circulation during observed with satellite-tracked drifters, Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, Vol. 106, pp. 22067–22093.
Fratantoni, D.M., Johns, W.E. and Townsend, T.L. (1995), Rings of the North Brazil Current: Their structure and behavior inferred from observations and a numerical simulation, Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 100, pp. 10633–10654.
Friedl, M.J. and Fanneløp, T. (2000), Bubble plumes and their interaction with the water surface, Applied Ocean Research, Vol. 22, pp. 119–128.
Garza-Gil, M.D., Prada-Blanco, A. and Vázquez-Rodríguez, M.X. (2006), Estimating the shortterm economic damages from the Prestige oil spill in the Galician fisheries and tourism, Ecological Economics, Vol. 59, n. 4, pp. 842–849.
Goes, M., Molinari, R., da Silveira, I. and Wainer, I. (2005), Retroflections of the north Brazil current during February 2002, Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers, Vol. 52, pp. 647–667.
Grodsky, S.A. and Carton, J.A. (2002), Surface drifter pathways originating in the equatorial Atlantic cold tongue, Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 29, n. 23, pp. 62(1)- 62(4).
Gundlach, E.R. and Hayes, M.O. (1978), Vulnerability of coastal environments to oil spill impacts, Marine Technology Society Journal, Vol. 12, pp. 18–27.
Haidvogel, D., Arango, H., Hedstrom, K., Beckmann, A., Malanotte-Rizzoli, P. and Shchepetkin, A. (2000), Model evaluation experiments in the North Atlantic basin: Simulations in nonlinear terrain-following coordinates, Dynamics of Atmospheres and Oceans, Vol. 32, pp. 239–282.
International Energy Agency (IEA) (2009), World Energy Outlook, Paris, 698p.
International Energy Agency (IEA) (2011), World Energy Outlook, Paris, 666p.
International Tanker Owners Pollution Federation (ITOPF) (2016), Oil Tanker Spill Statistics, em: http://www.itopf.com/knowledge-resources/data-statistics/statistics/ (accessed in July 7, 2017).
Johansen, Ø. (2000), DeepBlow–a Lagrangian plume model for deep water blowouts, Spill Science & Technology Bulletin, Vol. 6, pp. 103–111.
Johansen, Ø. (2003), Development and verification of deep-water blowout models, Marine Pollution Bulletin, Vol. 47, pp. 360–368.
Johns, W., Lee, T., Schott, F., Zantopp, R. and Evans, R. (1990), The North Brazil Current Retroflection: Seasonal Structure and Eddy Variability, Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 95, pp. 22103–22120.
Johns, W.E., Lee, T.N., Beardsley, R.C., Candela, J., Limeburner, R. and Castro, B. (1998), Annual cycle and variability of the North Brazil Current, Journal of Physical Oceanography, Vol. 28, pp. 103–128.
Lara, I. (2014), Geopolítica y governance de los hidrocarburos, Relaciones Internacionales, Vol. 23, n. 46, pp 149-175.
Lee, J.H. and Cheung, V. (1990), Generalized Lagrangian model for buoyant jets in current, Journal of Environmental Engineering, Vol. 116, pp. 1085–1106.
Leite, F.S., Silva, M.A., Araujo, M., Silva, R.A. and Droguett, E.L. (2014), Modeling Subsurface Gas Release in Tropical and Shallow Waters: Comparison with Field Experiments off Brazil’s Northeast Coast, Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, Vol. 20, 150–173.
Lentz, S.J. (1995), The Amazon River Plume during AMASSEDS: Subtidal current variability and the importance of wind forcing, Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, Vol. 100, pp. 2377-2390.
Locarnini, R., Mishonov, A., Antonov, J., Boyer, T., Garcia, H., Baranova, O., Zweng, M. and Johnson, D. (2010), Temperature, in Levitus, S. (Ed.), World Ocean Atlas 2009, US Gov.Print. Off., Washington, DC, vol. 1, 184 p.
Malanotte-Rizzoli, P., Hedstrom, K., Arango, H. and Haidvogel, D.B. (2000), Water mass pathways between the subtropical and tropical ocean in a climatological simulation of North Atlantic, Dynamics of Atmospheres and Oceans, Vol. 32, pp. 331–371.
Maximenko, N. and Hafner, J. (2010), SCUD: Surface Currents form Diagnostic model, Technical Report 5.
Mendelssohn, I.A., Andersen, G.L., Baltz, D.M., Caffey, R.H., Carman, K.R., Fleeger, J.W., Joye, S.B., Lin, Q., Maltby, E. and Overton, E.B. (2012), Oil impacts on coastal wetlands: implications for the Mississippi River Delta ecosystem after the Deepwater Horizon oil spill, BioScience, Vol. 62, n. 6, pp. 562-574.
Michel, J., Hayes, M.O. and Brown, P.J. (1978), Application of an oil spill vulnerability index to the shoreline of lower Cook Inlet, Alaska, Environmental Geology, Vol. 2, pp. 107–117.
Moon, J.H. and Song, Y.T. (2014), Seasonal salinity stratifications in the near-surface layer from Aquarius, Argo, and an ocean model: Focusing on the tropical Atlantic/Indian Oceans, Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, Vol. 119, pp. 6066–6077.
Moura, R.L., Amado-Filho, G.M., Moraes, F.C., Brasileiro, P.S., Salomon, P.S., Mahiques, M.M., Bastos, A.C., Almeida, M.G., Silva, J.M., Araujo, B.F., Brito, F.P., Rangel, T.P., Oliveira, B.C.V., Bahia, R.G., Paranhos, R.P., Dias, R.J.S., Siegle, E., Figueiredo Jr, A.G., Pereira, R.C., Leal, C.V., Hajdu, E., Asp, N.E., Gregoracci, G.B., Neumann-Leitão, S., Yager, P.L., Francini-Filho, R.B., Fróes, A., Campeão, M., Silva, B.S., Moreira, A.P.B., Oliveira, L., Soares, A.C., Araujo, L., Oliveira, N.L., Teixeira, J.B., Valle, R.A.B, Thompson, C.C., Rezende, C.E. and Thompson, F.L. (2016), An extensive reef system at the Amazon River mouth, Science Advances, Vol. 2, n. 4, pp. e1501252.
Muller-Krager, F.E., McClain, C.R. and Richardson, P.L. (1988), The dispersal of the Amazons water, Nature, Vol. 333, pp. 56–59.
Neff, J.M., Rabalais, N.N. and Boesch, D.F. (1987), Long-term environmental effects of offshore oil and gas development, in Boesch, D.F. Rabalais, N.N. (Eds.), Offshore oil and gas development activities potentially causing long-term environmental effects, pp. 149–173, London (UK), [Chapter 4].
North, E.W., Adams, E., Schlag, Z.Z., Sherwood, C.R., He, R.R., Hyun, K.H.K. and Socolofsky, S.A. (2011), Simulating oil droplet dispersal from the Deepwater Horizon spill with a Lagrangian approach, in Monitoring and Modeling the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill: A Record-Breaking Enterprise, Geophysical Monograph Series, Vol. 195, pp. 217–226.
O'Rourke, D. and Connolly, S. (2003), Just oil? The distribution of environmental and social impacts of oil production and consumption, Annual Review of Environment and Resources, Vol. 28, n. 1, pp. 587-617.
Panzer, I., Lines, S., Mak, J., Choboter, P. and Lupo, C., (2013), High Performance Regional Ocean Modeling with GPU Acceleration, IEEE/MTS OCEANS.
Penven, P., Roy, C., Colin de Verrdière, A. and Largier, J. (2000), Simulation of a coastal jet retention process using a barotropic model, Oceanologica Acta, Vol. 23, pp. 615–634.
Peterson, R.G. and Stramma, L. (1991), Upper-level circulation in the South Atlantic Ocean, Progress in Oceanography, Vol. 26, pp. 1–73.
Prates, C.P.T., Pierobon, E.C., da Costa, R.C. and de Figueiredo, V.S. (2006), Evolução da oferta e da demanda de gás natural no Brasil, BNDES Setorial, Rio de Janeiro, n. 24, pp. 35–68.
Premathilake, L.T., Yapa, P.D., Nissanka, I.D. and Kumarage, P., (2016), Impact on water surface due to deepwater gas blowouts, Marine Pollution Bulletin, Vol. 112, pp. 365–374.
Reed, M., Johansen, Ø., Brandvik, P.J., Daling, P., Lewis, A., Fiocco, R., Mackay, D. and Prentki, R. (1999), Oil spill modeling towards the close of the 20th century: overview of the state of the art, Spill Science & Technology Bulletin, Vol. 5, pp. 3–16.
Richardson, P.L. and Reverdin, G. (1987), Seasonal cycle of velocity in the Atlantic North Equatorial Countercurrent as measured by surface drifters, current meters, and ship drifts, Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, Vol. 92, pp. 3691–3708.
Richardson, P.L. and Walsh, D. (1986), Mapping climatological seasonal variations of surface currents in the tropical Atlantic using ship drifts, Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 91, pp. 10537–10550.
Salisbury, J., Vandemark, D., Campbell, J., Hunt, C., Wisser, D., Reul, N. and Chapron, B. (2011), Spatial and temporal coherence between Amazon River discharge, salinity, and light absorption by colored organic carbon in western tropical Atlantic surface waters, Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 116, C00H02, pp 1-14.
dos Santos, V.F., Mendes, A.C. and da Silveira, O.F.M. (2016), Atlas de sensibilidade ambiental ao óleo da Bacia Marítima da Foz do Amazonas, Macapá: IEPA.
Sharma, N., Anderson, S.P., Brickley, P., Nobre, C. and Cadwallader, M.L. (2009), Quantifying the Seasonal and Interannual Variability of the Formation and Migration Pattern of North Brazil Current Rings, IEEE. pp. 1–7. Conference paper: OCEANS 2009, MTS/IEEE Biloxi - Marine Technology for Our Future: Global and Local Challenge.
Shchepetkin, A.F. and McWilliams, J.C. (2005), The regional oceanic modeling system (ROMS): a split-explicit, free-surface, topography-following-coordinates oceanic model, Ocean Modelling, Vol. 9, pp. 347–404.
Silva, M., Araujo, M., Servain, J., Penven, P. and Lentini, C.A.D. (2009), High-resolution regional ocean dynamics simulation in the southwestern tropical Atlantic, Ocean Modelling, Vol. 30, pp. 256–269.
da Silva Junior, O.M. and Magrini, A. (2014), Exploração de hidrocarbonetos na Foz do Rio Amazonas: perspectivas de impactos ambientais no âmbito das áreas ofertadas na 11o rodada de licitações da Agência Nacional do Petróleo, Revista GeoAmazônia, Vol. 2, pp. 159–172.
da Silveira, I.C., Brown, W.S. and Flierl, G.R. (2000), Dynamics of the North Brazil Current retroflection region from the Western Tropical Atlantic Experiment observations, Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, Vol. 105, pp. 28559–28583.
Skogdalen, J.E., Utne, I.B. and Vinnem, J.E. (2011), Developing safety indicators for preventing offshore oil and gas deepwater drilling blowouts, Safety Science, Vol. 49, n. 8-9, pp. 1187–1199.
Skogdalen, J.E. and Vinnem, J.E. (2012), Quantitative risk analysis of oil and gas drilling, using Deepwater Horizon as case study, Reliability Engineering and System Safety, Vol. 100, pp. 58–66.
Small, M.J., Stern, P.C., Bomberg, E., Christopherson, S.M., Goldstein, B.D., Israel, A.L., Jackson, R.B., Krupnick, A., Mauter, M.S. and Nash, J. (2014), Risks and risk governance in unconventional shale gas development, ACS Publications.
Smith, W.H.F. and Sandwell, D.T. (1997), Global sea floor topography from satellite altimetry and ship depth soundings, Science, Vol. 277, pp. 1956–1962.
Song, Y. and Haidvogel, D.B. (1994), A Semi-implicit Ocean Circulation Model Using a Generalized Topography-following Coordinate System, Journal of Computational Physics, Vol. 115, pp. 228–244.
Stramma, L. and England, M. (1999), On the water masses and mean circulation of the South Atlantic Ocean, Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 104, pp. 20863–20883.
Teal, J.M. and Howarth, R.W. (1984), Oil spill studies: a review of ecological effects, Environmental Management, Vol. 8, n. 1, pp. 27–43.
Topham, D. (1984), The formation of gas hydrates on bubbles of hydrocarbon gases rising in seawater, Chemical Engineering Science, Vol. 39, pp. 821–828.
Ugochukwu, C.N.C. and Ertel, J. (2008), Negative impacts of oil exploration on biodiversity management in the Niger De area of Nigeria, Impact Assessment and Project Appraisal, Vol. 26, n. 2, pp. 139-147.
U.S. Department of Energy, (U.S. DOE) (1999), Environmental benefits of advanced oil and gas exploration and production technology, 168p.
U.S. Energy Information Administration (U.S. EIA) (1998), Future Supply Potential of Natural Gas Hydrates, Report DOE/EIA-0484, pp. 73–90.
U.S. National Ocean Industries Association (U.S. NOIA) (2005), What are environmental challenges and regulatory barriers to expanding our natural gas supply and how can they be remedied?, in Natural Gas Conference, Senate Energy and Natural Resources Committee, pp. 9–11.
Wang, Y. (2004), Ocean Tide Modeling in the Southern Ocean, Technical Report 471, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Geodetic Science, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.
Yapa, P.D. and Zheng, L. (1997), Simulation of oil spills from underwater accidents I: Model development, Journal of Hydraulic Research, Vol. 35, pp. 673–688.
Yapa, P.D., Zheng, L. and Chen, F. (2001), A model for deep-water oil/gas blowouts, Marine Pollution Bulletin, Vol. 43, pp. 234–241.
Zheng, L. and Yapa, P.D. (1998), Simulation of oil spills from underwater accidents II: Model verification, Journal of Hydraulic Research, Vol. 36, pp. 117–134.
Zheng, L. and Yapa, P.D. (2000), Buoyant velocity of spherical and nonspherical bubbles/droplets, Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, Vol. 126, pp. 852–854.
Zheng, L. and Yapa, P.D. (2002), Modeling gas dissolution in deep-water oil/gas spills, Journal of Marine Systems, Vol. 31, pp. 299–309.
