Occurrence of intensive blooms of cyanobacteria Microcystis aeruginosa in a tropical estuary
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5914/tropocean.v46i2.239348Palavras-chave:
Cyanobacteria, Algal Blooms, Nutrients, Tropical Estuary, BrazilResumo
Samples were collected in a longitudinal profile from the Jaboatão River estuary, covering the marine area (estuarine plume) through four stations in the estuary and four in the plume during the dry and rainy seasons, with the objective of evaluating the occurrence and the distribution of Microcystis aeruginosa cyanobacterial blooms. In both regions, it is possible to observe the influence of M. aeruginosa on the local diversity, which was considered to range from very low to low where this species was dominant. M. aeruginosa represented on average 95% of the total cyanobacteria in the estuary, while in the plume, this percentage reached 65%. The species M. aeruginosa was responsible for the predominance of cyanobacteria, both in the estuary and in the plume. The N/P ratios in the estuary and the plume were <16:1, indicating N as a limiting factor. A key issue in eutrophication science is the potential for N-fixing cyanobacteria to compensate for any deficiency in biologically available N, principally during the dry period. The high-temperature, nutrient-rich and polluted waters with little oxygen contributed to the abundance and bloom formation of M. aeruginosa. The AOU positive values (average: +2.7 and +2.1 ml/L, for the wet and dry periods, respectively) indicate high respiration rates.
Referências
Agência Estadual de Meio Ambiente (CPRH) (2003), Report on the monitoring of water quality in the watersheds of the State of Pernambuco in 2003, in: http://www.cprh.pe.gov.br/ (access in 01 of September of 2018).
Agência Estadual de Meio Ambiente (CPRH) (2010), Report on the monitoring of water quality in the watersheds of the State of Pernambuco in 2010, 15p., in: http://www.cprh.pe.gov.br/ (access in 10 of September of 2018).
Apeldoorn, M.E.V., Egmond, H.P.V., Speijers, G.J.A. and Bakker, G.J.I. (2007), Toxins of cyanobacteria, Molecular Nutrition and Food Research, Vol. 51, pp.7-60, doi: 10.1002/mnfr.200600185.
Black, K., Yilmaz, M. and Philips, E. (2011), Growth and toxin production by Microcystis aeruginosa PCC 7806 (Kutzing) Lemmerman at elevated salt concentrations, Journal of Environmental Protection, Vol. 2, pp. 669-674, doi: 10.4236/jep.2011.26077.
Branco, E. (2002), Variação sazonal e espacial da biomassa fitoplanctônica relacionada com parâmetros hidrológicos no estuário de Barra das Jangadas (Jaboatão dos Guararapes - Pernambuco - Brasil), Tropical Oceanography, Vol. 39, pp. 79-96, doi: 10.5914/tropocean.v30i2.3896.
Branco, E. (2007), Influência das variáveis ambientais na estrutura da comunidade fitoplanctônica do sistema estuarino de Barra das Jangadas (Pernambuco- Brasil), Tese de Doutorado, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, 210 p.
Carmichael, W. (1992), A review: cyanobacteria secondary metabolites - the cyanotoxins, Journal of Applied Bacteriology, Vol. 72, pp. 445-459, doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1992.tb01858.x.
Companhia Ambiental do Estado de São Paulo (CETESB) (2007), Relatório de Qualidade das Águas Litorâneas no Estado de São Paulo - 2007, 50 p., Companhia de Tecnologia de Saneamento Ambiental, São Paulo, em: https://cetesb.sp.gov.br/ (acesso em 10 de Setembro de 2018).
Dodds, W. and Smith, V. (2016), Nitrogen, phosphorus, and eutrophication in streams, Inland Waters, Vol. 6, pp. 155–164, doi: 10.5268/IW-6.2.909.
Edler, L. (1979), Recommendations of methods of marine biological studies in the Baltic Sea: phytoplankton and chlorophyll, The Baltic Marine Biologists, Vol. 5, pp. 1-38.
Esteves, F.A. (1998), Fundamentos de Limnologia, Interciência / FINEP, Rio de Janeiro, 602 p.
Ferrario, M., Sar, E. and Sala, S. (1995), Metodologia basica para el estudio del fitoplancton con especial referencia a las diatomáceas, in Alvear, K., Ferrario, M., Oliveira-Filho, E.C. and Sar, E. (eds), Manual de métodos ficológicos, Ed. Anibal Pinto, Concepción, pp. 1-25.
Gomes, S.C., Lima, E.S. and Alheiros, M.M. (2003), Diagnóstico ambiental do meio físico para a gestão da bacia hidrográfica do rio Jaboatão, in II Congresso sobre planejamento e gestão das zonas costeiras dos países de expressão portuguesa, Recife, Fecha... em: http://www.abequa.org.br/mostra_ano.php?pageNum_editoria=16&ano=2003/ (acesso em 01 de Setembro de 2018).
Havens, K.E., Philips, E.J., Cichra, M.F. and Li, B. (1998), Light availability as a possible regulator of cyanobacteria species composition in a shallow subtropical lake, Freshwater Biology, Vol.39, pp. 547-566, doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2427.1998.00308.x.
Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia Estatística (IBGE) (2011), Census 2010. https://www.ibge.gov.br/ (acesso em 10 de Setembro de 2018).
Lacerda, S.R., Koening, M.L., Neumann-Leitão, S. and Flores-Montes, M.J. (2004), Phytoplankton nyctemeral variation at a tropical river estuary (Itamaracá - Pernambuco - Brazil), Brazilian Journal of Biology, Vol. 64, pp. 81-94, doi: 10.1590/S1519-69842004000100010.
Latour, D. and Giraudet, H. (2004), Méthode d’échantillonnage adaptée aux cyanobactéries coloniales em milieu lacustre. Cas aplique à Microcystis aeruginosa sur la reteneu de Grangent (Loire, France), Comptes Rendus Biologies, Vol. 327, pp. 105-113, doi: 10.1016/j.crvi.2003.12.005.
Lewis Jr., W.M. (1978), Analysis of succession in a tropical phytoplankton community and a new measure of succession rate, The American Naturalist, Vol. 112, issue 984, pp. 401-414, doi: 10.1086/283282.
Lourenço, S.O. and Marques-Júnior, N.A. (2002), Produção primária marinha, in Pereira, R.C. and Soares-Gomes, A. (eds), Biologia marinha, Interciências, Rio de Janeiro, pp. 195-227.
McLusky, D.S. (1993), Marine and estuarine gradientes – An overview, Netherlands Journal of Aquatic Ecology, Vol. 27, issue 2-4, pp. 489-493, doi: 10.1007/BF02334809.
Meire P., Ysebaert, T., Van Damme, S., Van Den Bergh, E., Maris, T. and Struyf, E. (2005), The Scheldt Estuary: A Description of a Changing Ecosystem, Hydrobiologia, Vol. 540, pp. 1-11, doi: 10.1007/s10750-005-0896-8.
Molica, R. and Azevedo, S. (2009), Ecofisiologia de cianobactérias produtoras de cianotoxinas, Oecologia Brasiliensis, Vol. 13, issue 2, pp. 229-246.
Moreira, H.A. (2007), Diagnóstico da qualidade ambiental da Bacia do Rio Jaboatão: Sugestão de enquadramento preliminar, Dissertação de Mestrado, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, 121 p.
Noriega, C. and Araujo, M. (2011), Nutrient budgets (C, N and P) and trophic dynamics of a Brazilian tropical estuary: Barra das Jangadas, Anais da Academia Brasileira Ciências, Vol. 83, issue 2, pp. 441-456, doi: 10.1590/S0001-37652011000200007.
Oberholster, P.J., Botha, A.M. and Grobbelaar, J.U. (2004), Microcystis aeruginosa: source of toxic microcystins in drinking water, African Journal of Biotechnology, Vol. 3, pp. 159-168, doi: 10.5897/AJB2004.000-2029.
Olsen, Y. (1989), Evaluation of competitive ability of Staurastrum luetkemuellerii (chlorophyceae) and Microcystis aeruginosa (cyanophyceae) under P limitation, Journal of Phycology, Vol. 25, pp. 486-499, doi: 10.1111/j.1529-8817.1989.tb00254.x.
Omori, M. and Ikeda, T. (1984), Methods in marine zooplankton ecology, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 331 p.
Paerl, H.W. and Huisman, J. (2008), Blooms like it hot, Science, Vol. 320, issue 5872, pp. 57- 58, doi: 10.1126/science.1155398.
Paerl, H.W. and Paul, V.J. (2012), Climate change: Links to global expansion of harmful cyanobacteria, Water Research, Vol. 46, issue 5, pp. 1349-1363, doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2011.08.002.
Ricklefs, R.E. (2003), A economia da natureza, Ed. Guanabara Koogan, Rio de Janeiro, 503 p.
Scott, J.T. and Marcarelli, A.M. (2012), Cyanobacteria in freshwater benthic environments, in Whitton, B. (eds) Ecology of Cyanobacteria II, Springer, Dordrecht, pp. 271-289.
Secretary of Science, Technology and Environment (SECTMA) (1999), Plano Estadual de Recursos Hídricos, PERHPE, in: http://www.inmet.gov.pe.br/ (access in 10 of September of 2018).
Silva, A.X. da, Noriega, C., Koening, M.L., Flores-Montes, M.J. and Araujo, M. (2017), Distribution of nutrients and changes in Phytoplankton composition in a tropical Mesotidal estuary, northeastern Brazil, Open Journal of Ecology, Vol. 7, pp. 460-494, doi: 10.4236/oje.2017.77032.
Sivonen, K. and Jones, G. (1999), Cyanobacterial toxins, in Chorus, I. and Bartram, J. (eds), Toxic Cyanobacteria in water - A guide to their public health consequences, monitoring and management, E&FN Spon, London, pp. 55-124.
Smith, V.H. (2003), Eutrophication of freshwater and coastal marine ecosystems - a global problem, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, Vol. 10, pp. 126-139, doi: 10.1065/espr2002.12.142.
Takenaka, R.A., Dellamano-Oliveira, M.J. and Rocha, O. (2007), Toxicidade de extratos de florações de cianobactérias de reservatórios do rio Tietê, SP, aos dafinídeos Ceriodaphnia dubia e Ceriodaphnia silvestrii (Cladocera, Crustacea), Journal of the Brazilian Society of Ecotoxicology, Vol. 2, pp. 147-156, doi: 10.5132/jbse.2007.02.007.
Torgan, L.C. (1989), Floração de algas: composição causa e consequências, Ínsula, Vol. 19, pp. 15-34, in: https://periodicos.ufsc.br/index.php/insula/article/viewFile/22299/20259/
Tundisi, J.G. (2003), Água no século 21: enfrentando a escassez, RIMA/IIE, Rio de Janeiro, 247p.
Valiela, I. (1995), Marine ecological processes, Springer-Verlag, New York, 696 p.
Yunes, J.S., Mathiensen, A., Parise, M., Salomon, P.S., Ragget, S.L., Beattie, K.A. and Codd, G.A. (1998), Microcystis aeruginosa growth stages and the occurrence of microcystins in the Patos Lagoon, Southern Brazil, in Reguera, B., Blanco, J., Fernandez, M.L. and Wyatt, T. (eds), Harmful algae, Xunta de Galicia and Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO, Vigo, pp. 18-21.
