A Etnografia da Infraestrutura
DOI :
https://doi.org/10.51359/2525-5223.2020.249896Mots-clés :
Infraestrutura, Etnografia, Tecnologia da Informação, RedesRésumé
Este artigo mobiliza algumas ferramentas e perspectivas da etnografia para tencionar questões metodológicas no estudo das infraestruturas. Sendo ao mesmo tempo relacionais e ecológicas, as infraestruturas tem significados diferentes para os diferentes grupos. Além disso, elas funcionam equalizando ações, ferramentas e ambiente construído, todos aspectos inseparáveis para sua compreensão. As infraestruturas são também ordinárias ao ponto de serem entediantes, envolvendo objetos como tomadas, normas e formulários burocráticos. Partindo das etnografias tradicionais, algumas das dificuldades de se estudar as infraestruturas envolvem o redimensionamento do campo de pesquisa, a gestão de grandes quantidades de dados, tais como aqueles produzidos pelos registros das transações, e a compreensão da interação entre os comportamentos online e off-line. Ao nos depararmos com esses desafios, alguns truques envolvidos são: o estudo da modelagem da infraestrutura, a compreensão dos paradoxos da infraestrutura enquanto simultaneamente transparente e opaca (incluindo as funcionalidades invisíveis na análise ecológica) e o detalhamento do estatuto epistemológico dos indicadores.
Références
BATESON, G. 1978. Steps to an Ecology of Mind. New York: Ballantine.
BECKER, H. S. 1982. Art Worlds. Berkeley: University of California Press.
BECKER, H. S. 1998. Tricks of the Trade. How to Think about Your Research while You’re Doing It. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
BECKER, H. S., GEER, B. & HUGHES, E. C. 1968. Making the Grade. The Academic Side of College Life. New York: John Wiley.
BISCHOP A. P. et al. 2000. “Digital libraries: Situating use in changing information infrastructure”. Journal of the American Society for Information Science, 51 (4) : 394 - 413.
BOWKER, G. 1994. “Information mythology and infrastructure”. In BUD-FRIERMAN, L. (ed.): Information Acumen. The Understanding and Use of Knowledge in Modern Business, pp.231-247. Londres: Routledge.
BOWKER, G. & STAR, S. L. 1999. Sorting Things out. Classification and its Consequences. Cambridge: MIT Press.
BOWKER, G. et al (ed.). 1997. Social Science. Technical Systems and Cooperative Work: Beyond the Great Divide. Hillsdale: Lawrence Erlbaum.
BOWKER, G. & STAR, S. L. 1999. Sorting Things out. Classification and its Consequences. Cambridge: MIT Press.
BOWKER, G., TIMMERMANS, S. & STAR, S. L. 1995. “Infrastructure and organizational transformation: Classifying nurses’ work”. In ORLIKOWSKI, W. et al (eds.): Information Technology and Changes in Organizational Work, pp.344-370. Londres: Chapman and Hall.
BUCCIARELLI, L. 1994. Designing Engineers. Cambridge: MIT Press.
CLARKE, A. E. & FUJIMURA, J. H. (ed.). 1992. The Right Tools for the Job. At Work in Twentieth-Century Life Sciences. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
EDWARDS, P. N. 1996. The Closed World. Computers and the Politics of Discourse in Cold War America. Cambridge: MIT Press.GASSER, L. 1986. “The integration of computing and routine work”. ACM Transactions on Office Information Systems, 4(3):205-225.
GOFFMAN, E. 1959. The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life. Garden City: Doubleday.
GOGUEN, J. 1997. “Towards a social. ethical theory of information”. In BOWKER, G. (ed.): Social Science. Technical Systems and Cooperative Work: Beyond the Great Divide, pp.27-56. Hillsdale: Lawrence Erlbaum.
HANSETH, O. & MONTEIRO, E. 1996. “Inscribing behavior in information infrastructure standards”. Accounting. Management & Information Technology, 21(4):183-211.
HANSETH, O., MONTEIRO, E. & HATLING, M. 1996. “Developing information infrastructure: The tension between standardization and flexibility”. Science. Technology&Human Values, 21(4):407-426.
HEWITT, C. 1986. “Offices are open systems”. ACM Transactions on Office Information Systems, 4(3):271-287.
HUGHES, T. P. 1983. Networks of Power. Electrification in Western Society. 1880-1930. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
HUGHES, T. P. 1989. “The evolution of large technological systems”. In BIJKER, W. E., HUGHES, T. P. & PINCH, T. (eds.): The Social Construction of Technological Systems, pp.51-82. Cambridge: MIT Press.
JEWETT, T. & KLING, R. 1991. “The dynamics of computerization in a social science research team: A case study of infrastructure. strategies and skills”. Social Science Computer Review, 9(2):246-275.
KIRK, S. A. & KUTCHINS, H. 1992. The Selling of the DSM. The Rhetoric of Science in Psychiatry. New York: Aldine de Gruyter.
LATOUR, B. 1987. Science in Action. How to Follow Scientists and Engineers through Society. Milton Keynes: Open University Press.
LATOUR, B. 1992. Aramis ou l’amour des techniques. Paris: La Découverte.
LATOUR, B. & HERMANT, É. 1998. Paris: Ville Invisible/ La Découverte.
LAVE, J. & WENGER, E. 1991. Situated Learning. Legitimate Peripheral Participation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
NEUMANN, L. & STAR, S. L. 1996. “Making infrastructure: The dream of a common language”. In BLOMBERG, J., KENSING, F. & DYKSTRA-ERICKSON, E. (eds.): Proceedings of the PDC ’96. Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility, pp. 231-240. Palo Alto: Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility.
SCHATZ, B. 1991. “Building an electronic community system”. Journal of Management Information Systems, 8(3):87-107.
SCHMIDT, K. & SIMONE, C. 1996. “Coordination mechanisms: Towards a conceptual foundation of CSCW systems design”. Computer Supported Cooperative Work, 8(5):155-200.
SHELLEY, P. B. 1817. “Ozymandias”. The Examiner, 11 janvier 1818 (Œuvrespoétiques complètes de Shelley. t.3. Paris: Stock. 1909).
SPASSER, M. A. 1998. Computational Workspace Coordination. Design-in-use of Collaborative Publishing Services for Computer-mediated Cooperative Publishing. PhD. Dissertation. Urbana: University of Illinois.
STAR, S. L. 1989. Regions of the Mind. Brain Research and the Quest for Scientific Certainty. Standford: Stanford University Press.
STAR, S. L. 1991. “Power, technologies and the phenomenology of conventions: On being allergic to onions”. In LAW, J. (ed.): A Sociology of Monsters. Essays on Power. Technology and Somination, pp. 26-56. Londres: Routledge.
STAR, S. L. & RUHLEDER, K. 1996. “Steps toward an ecology of infrastructure: Design and access for large information spaces”. Information Systems Research, 7(1):111-134.
STAR, S. L. & STRAUSS, A. L. 1999. “Layers of silence, Arenas of voice: the ecology of visible and invisible work”. Computer Supported Cooperative Work, 17(2):9-30.
STRAUSS, A. L. (ed.). 1979. Where Medicine Fails. New Brunswick: Transaction Books.
SUMMERTON, J. (ed.). 1994. Changing Large Technical Systems. Boulder: Westview.
TRIGG, R. & BØDKER S. 1994. “From implementation to design: Tailoring and the emergence of systematization in CSCW”. In Proceedings of the ACM 1994 Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work, pp. 45-54. New York: ACM Press.
WINNER, L. 1986. “Do artifacts have politics?”. In WAJCMAN, J. & MACKENZIE, D. (eds.): The Social Shaping of Technology. How the Refrigerator got its Hum, pp.26-37. Philadelphia: Open University Press.
YATES, J. 1989. Control through Communication. The Rise of System in American Management. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
YATES, J. & ORLIKOWSKI, W. J. 1992. “Genres of organizational communication: A structurational approach to studying communication and media”. Academy of Management Review, 17(2):299-326.
Téléchargements
Publié-e
Numéro
Rubrique
Licence
Direitos Autorais para textos publicados na Revista ANTHROPOLÓGICAS são do autor, com direitos de primeira publicação para a revista.
Authors retain the copyright and full publishing rights without restrictions.
