Theoretical-epistemological problematization regarding the concepts of archiphoneme, archimorpheme, archisememe and archilexeme within the framework of linguistic structuralism: units and levels of análisis

Abstract

In   our   work,   we   establish   a   historical   journey   within   linguistic structuralism (BIRWISCH, 1985) from the concept of archiphoneme (ALONSO-CORTES,   2015),   the   result   of   a   process   of   neutralization   in   the   axis   of successions   (SAUSSURE,   1980)   at   the   phonic   level   of   language.   The archiphoneme would represent an entity of a logical order different from that of the phoneme; The latter presupposes the existence of a paradigmatic axis, which  does  not  happen  with  the  former,  from  which  it  follows  that  the establishment of oppositions between archiphonemes is not permissible, since it  would  imply the  existence  of  a  double  phonological  system:  phonemic  and archiphonemic (JAKOBSON, 1929). In morphology, the archimorpheme arises, coined  by  Ruipérez  (1953),  understood  as an  underlying  or  basic  form  that represents  the  morphological  alternations  of  the  same  morpheme  due  to regular phonological processes (MIRANDA POZA, 2017). At the semantic level, starting from Bréal (1982) and Ullmann (1986) on which traditional semantics is based,   structuralism   created,   within   lexematics   (SALVADOR,   1985),   the concept of the lexical field (COSERIU, 1991; JUSTO GIL, 1990), which opened the  possibility  of  defining  the  archilexeme  of  a  field  as  a  lexeme  whose semanteme   is   common   to   the   rest   ofthe   constitutive   lexemes.   Such semanteme,   by   fully   characterizing   the   field,   would   constitute   its   arch-semanteme.  Here,  the  paradigmatic  axis  is  extrapolated  taking  into  account syntagmatic phenomena –substitution in course–at the lexical level. The needto  ensure  homogeneity  at  all  levels  of  linguistic  analysis  within  the  structural hypothesis about language led to the transfer of the concept of archiphoneme to the other levels.