The epistemic role of emotions in value sensitivity: a phenomenological analysis

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.51359/2357-9986.2022.256760

Keywords:

phenomenology of emotion, value theory, emotional experience, value sensitivity

Abstract

This paper presents a phenomenological account of central epistemic roles that emotions can play in the context of value sensitivity. I specify significant ways emotions are given in lived experience as possible sources of value apprehension. Thereby, an explanandumor experienced framework for the ongoing debate on the relation between emotion and value awareness is explicated. Through a phenomenological analysis, the paper explicates and illustrates three central epistemic functions that emotions can have in being sources of evaluative information, as seen from the point of view of lived experience: A) Emotions are constitutively related to presentations of value; B) Emotions tend to prompt specific value attention; and C) Emotional openness can play a crucial role in directly graspingdeterminate value. Further, based on the analyses of A), B), and C), the phenomenological investigation makes intelligible what can go wrong when emotions distort our evaluative outlook and argues that it can be analyzed as a result of the central attention-shaping functions of emotions as they present themselves in lived experience.

Author Biography

Søren Engelsen, Roskilde University

Søren Engelsen holds a PhD in philosophy and is a postdoc at Roskilde University, Denmark, Department of Health Promotion and Health Strategies. Engelsen researches practical and applied philosophy, and he is mainly concerned with value, well-being, emotions, and ethics, topics he explores with a phenomenological and existential philosophical approach.

References

Audi, Robert. Epistemology. Contemporary Introduction to the Theory of Knowledge, 2nd ed. New York: Routledge, 2002.

Audi, Robert. Moral Perception. New Jersey. Princeton University Press, 2013.

Bergqvist, Anna & Cowan, Robert (eds.). Evaluative Perception. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018.

Blackburn, Simon. Ruling Passions: A Theory of Practical Reasoning. New York: Oxford University Press, 1998.

Brady, Michael. “Emotion, Attention, and the Nature of Value”. In: Roeser, Sabine Roeser (ed.). Emotion & Value. Oxford, UK: OUP Oxford, 2014.

Brady, Michael. Emotional Insight: The Epistemic Role of Emotional Experience. New York: OUP Oxford, 2016.

Colombetti, Giovanna. ”Enaction, sense-making and emotion”. In: Stewart, J., Gapenne, O. & Di Paolo, E., 2010 (eds). Enaction: Towards a New Paradigm for Cognitive Science (pp.145-164) Cambridge MA: MIT Press.

de Sousa, Ronald. The Rationality of Emotion. Cambridge, Mass: M.I.T. Press, 1987.

Dretske, Fred. I. “Précis of Knowledge and the Flow of Information”. In: Kornblith, Hillary (Ed.), Naturalizing Epistemology (2. ed.): London: MIT press, 1994.

Engelsen, Søren. A Defense of Moral Experience. A Phenomenological Approach to Moral Experience. Ph.D. thesis (monograph). University of Southern Denmark, 2013.

Engelsen, Søren. “Feeling value: A Systematic Phenomenological Account of the Original Mode of Presentation of Value.” The New Yearbook of Phenomenology and Phenomenological Research. Parker, R. K. B. & Quepons, I. (eds.). London: Routledge, 17 p., issue 16., 2018.

Engelsen, Søren. “Wellbeing competence.” Philosophies, 7, 42., 2022.

Faucher, Luc & Tappolet, Christine. “Fear and the Focus of Attention”. Consciousness and Emotion, 3(2), 2002, 105-144.

Ferran, Íngrid V. Die Emotionen. Gefühle in der realistischen Phänomenologie (Vol. 6). Berlin: Berlin Akademie Verlag, 2008.

Fine, Cordelia. “Is the emotional dog wagging its rational tail, or chasing it? Reason in moral judgment.” Philosophical explorations, 9(1), 2006, 83-98.

Furtak, Rick Anthony. “Emotional Knowing: The Role of Embodied Feelings in Affective Cognition”. Philosophia, 2018, 46: 575-587.

Goldie, Peter. The Emotions: A Philosophical Exploration. New York: Oxford University Press, 2002.

Goldie, Peter. “Seeing What is the Kind Thing to Do: Perception and Emotion in Morality”. Dialectica, 2007, 347–361.

Green, J. D et al. ”An fMRI investigation of emotional engagement in moral judgment.” Science, 2001, 293.

Haidt, J. “The emotional dog and its rational tail: A social intuitionist approach to moral judgment.” Psychological Review, Vol 108 (4), 2001, 814-834.

Haybron, Dan. M. The Pursuit of Unhappiness: The Elusive Psychology of Well-Being (1st ed.). New York: Oxford University Press, 2010.

Heidegger, Martin. Sein und Zeit (19 ed.). Tübingen: Max Niemeier Verlag, 2006.

Huemer, Michael. “Compassionate Phenomenal Conservatism.” Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, 74(1), 2007, 30–55.

Hugdahl, K., & Stormark, K. M. “Emotional Modulation of Selective Attention: Behavioral and Psychophysiological Measures”. In: Davidson, R. J., Scherer, K. R. & Goldsmith, H. H. (Eds.), Handbook of affective sciences (pp. 276–291). Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003.

Husserl, Edmund. Ideen zu einer reinen Phänomenlogie und phänomenlogischen Philosophie. Erstes Buch: Allgemeine Einführung in die reine Phänomenologie. (Vol. III). The Hague: Netherlands Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1950.

Husserl, Edmund. Analysen zur passiven Synthesis. Aus Vorlesungs- und Forschungsmanuskripten, 1918-1926. Husserliana 11. The Hague, Netherlands: Martinus Nijhof, 1966.

Husserl, Edmund. Cartesianische Meditationen und Pariser Vorträge. Husserliana 1. The Hague, Netherlands: Martinus Nijhoff, 1973.

Husserl, Edmund. Vorlesungen über Ethik und Wertlehre. 1908-1914. Husserliana 28 The Hague, Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1988.

Husserl, Edmund. Erfahrung und Urteil. Untersuchungen zur Genealogie der Logik (R. u. h. v. L. Landgrebe Ed. 7 ed.): Meiner Felix Verlag GmbH. 1999.

Johnston, Mark. “The Authority of Affect”. Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, 63(1), 2001, 181-214.

Kahneman, Daniel &. Klein, Gary. “Conditions for intuitive expertise: A failure to disagree”. American Psychologist, 64(6), 2009, 515-526.

Kenny, Anthony. Action, Emotion and Will. London; New York: Humanities Press, 1963.

Klausen, Søren H. “Ethics, knowledge, and a procedural approach to wellbeing”. Inquiry, 2018, 1-17.

Klein, Gary., Orasanu, J., Calderwood, R., & Zsambok, C. E. (eds.) Decision Making in Action: Models and Methods. Norwood, NJ: Ablex Publishing Co. 1993.

Maiese, Michelle. “How can emotions be both cognitive and bodily”. Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences, 2014, 13: 513-531.

McDowell, John. Mind, Value, and Reality. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1998.

Merleau-Ponty, Merleau. Phenomenology of Perception [1945] (2 ed.): Routledge, 2002.

Nussbaum, Martha. C. Upheavals of Thought: The Intelligence of Emotions. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003.

Overgaard, S., Gilbert, P., & Burwood, S. An Introduction to Metaphilosophy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013.

Parfit, Derek. Reasons and Persons. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1984.

Parfit, Derek. On What Matters (1st ed. Vol. 1). USA: Oxford University Press, 2011.

Prinz, Jesse J. The Emotional Construction of Morals. New York: Oxford University Press, 2009.

Ratcliffe, M. “The Phenomenology of Existential Feeling”. In: J. Fingerhut, J. & Marienberg, S. (Eds.), Feelings of Being Alive (pp. 23–54). Berlin: De Gruyter, 2012.

Roeser, Sabine. Moral Emotions and Intuitions. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011.

Roseman, Ira. J. “A model of appraisal in the emotion system: Integrating theory, research, and applications.” In: Scherer, K. R., Schorr, A. & Johnstone, T. (Eds.), Appraisal processes in emotion: Theory, methods, research (pp. 68–91). New York: Oxford University Press, 2001.

Schafer-Landau, R. Moral Realism - A Defense. New York: Oxford University Press, USA, 2003.

Scheler, Max. Der Formalismus in der Ethik und die materiale Wertethik. Neuer Versuch der Grundlegung eines Ethischen Personalismus. Halle: Max Niemeyer, Adamant Media Corporation, 2007.

Searle, John. The Rediscovery of the Mind. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1992.

Steinbock, Anthony, J. Moral Emotions: Reclaiming the Evidence of the Heart. Evanston, Illinois: Northwestern University Press, 2014.

Tappolet, Christine. “Emotion and attention: a necessary connection”. Paper presented at the Geneva ESPP, 2007.

Tappolet, Christine. “Values and Emotions: Neo-Sentimentalism’s Prospects.” In: Bagnoli, C. (Ed.), Morality and the Emotions. New York: Oxford University Press. 2012.

Vuilleumier, P. “How Brains Beware: Neural Mechanisms of Emotional Attention.” Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 9 (12), 2005, 585-594.

Wiggins, D. “A Sensible Subjectivism?” In: Needs, Values, Truth: Essays in the Philosophy of Value. Oxford: Blackwell. 1987.

Zahavi, Dan. “Getting it quite wrong: Van Manen and Smith on Phenomenology.” Qualitative Health Research, 29(6), 2019, 900-907.

Downloads

Published

2022-12-12

Issue

Section

Dossiê “Fenomenologia, Ação, Cognição e Afetividade”