NATO’s Decision-Making Process in Budgeting: Prospects of the burden-sharing problem
DOI :
https://doi.org/10.51359/1808-8708.2020.248717Mots-clés :
“Burden-Sharing”. OTAN. Orçamento. Aliança. Barganha.Résumé
O debate referente ao “burden-sharing” tem sido um tema primordial para a OTAN desde a criação da mesma. Até mesmo ao longo da Guerra-Fria, os Estados Unidos repetidamente demandaram uma fórmula mais igualitária de “burden-sharing” para a aliança, ainda que nunca tenha levado adiante suas ameaças de deixar a OTAN. Diante disso, autores desenvolveram modelos e teorias de ação coletiva para engajar na temática. No entanto, há pouco diálogo dentre as perspectivas econômicas e políticas na academia. O presente estudo propõe contribuir para a temática incorporando matrizes conceituais relativas à barganha, já que os membros da aliança têm que tomar decisões diante contingencias históricas e geográficas. Para tal, o trabalho analisa o processo decisório e o orçamento comum da aliança além de reconstruir historicamente a questão do “burden-sharing” na OTAN. Finalmente, o artigo levanta problemáticas e propõe contribuições no que concerne o debate do “burden-sharing” na OTAN e a perspectiva futura do mesmo diante um cenário geopolítico em transformação.
Références
ADDISON, Tony; MCGILLIVRAY, Mark; ODEDOKUN, Matthew. (2004), “Donor Funding of Multilateral Aid Agencies: Determining Factors and Revealed Burden Sharing”, The World Economy 27 (2): 173-191.
BECKER, Jordan, MALESKY, Edmund. (2017), “The Continent or the ‘Grand Large’? Strategic Culture and Operational Burden-Sharing in NATO”, International Studies Quarterly 61: 161-180.
BECKER, Jordan. (2017), “The correlates of transatlantic burden sharing: revising the agenda for theoretical and policy analysis”, Defense & Security Analysis 33:2: 131-157.
BLANKENSHIP, Brian D. (2018), Promises under Pressure: Reassurance and Burden-Sharing in Asymmetric Alliances. Columbia University.
BYMA, Daniel. (2006), “Remaking alliances for the war on terror”, Journal of Strategic Studies 29, n 5, 2006: 767–811.
CABALLERO, William N. (2017). “On Proportionate and Truthful International Alliance Contributions: An Analysis of Incentive Compatible Cost Sharing Mechanisms to Burden Sharing”. Master’s Thesis. Air Force Institute of Technology.
Chalmers, M. (2000), Sharing Security: The Political Economy of Burden Sharing. London: Palgrave.
CHALMERS, Malcolm. (2001), “The Atlantic burden-sharing debate—widening or fragmenting?”. International Affairs 7, n 3: p. 573.
CHRISTENSEN, Thomas J., SNYDER, Jack. (1990), “Chain Gangs and Passed Bucks: Predicting Alliance Patterns in Multipolarity”, International Organization, 44 (2): 137-168.
COONEN, Stephen J. (2006), “The widening military capabilities gap between the United States and Europe: does it matter?, Parameters 36, n 3: 67–84.
DREZNER, Daniel W. (2011), “Does Obama have a grand strategy? Why we need doctrines in uncertain times”, Foreign Affairs 90, n 5: 58.
Ellen HALLAMS, SCHREE, Benjamin. (2012), “Towards a ‘post-American’ alliance? NATO burden-sharing after Libya”, International Affairs 88, n 2: 313–327.
EMMOTt, Robin, 2020. NATO scales down exercises due to coronavirus. Reuters. Available at: https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSKBN21627V. Access in: September 15, 2020.
FACER, Roger L. L.(1985), Conventional Forces and the NATO Strategy of Flexible Response: Issues and Approaches. Santa Monica: RAND Corporation.
FORSTER, Peter K., CIMBALA, Stephen J. (2005). The U.S, NATO and military burden-sharing. Taylor & Francis e-Library.
GILPIN, R.G. (1981), War and Change in International Politics. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
GVOSDEV, Nikolas. (2020), “The Effect of COVID-19 on the NATO Alliance”. Foreign Policy Research Institute. Available at: https://www.fpri.org/article/2020/03/the-effect-of-covid-19-on-the-nato-alliance/. Acess in: July, 2020.
HAESEBROUCK, Tim. (2016), “NATO Burden Sharing in Libya: A Fuzzy Set Qualitative Comparative Analysis”, Journal of Conflict Resolution 61 (10): 1-27.
HARTLEY, Keith, SANDLER, Todd. (1999), “NATO Burden-Sharing: Past and Future”, Journal of Peace Research 36, n 6: 665–680.
JAKOBSEN, Jo. (2018), “Is European NATO really free-riding Patterns of material and non-material burden-sharing after the Cold War”, European Security: 1-26.
JERVIS, Robert. (1978), “Cooperation Under the Security Dilemma". World Politics, 30: 167-214.
JUDSON, Jen. (2020) “COVID-19 dampens European exercise, but US Army chief says all is not lost”. Defense News. Available at: https://www.defensenews.com/smr/army-modernization/2020/03/18/covid-19-dampens-european-exercise-but-army-chief-says-all-is-not-lost. Access in: September 15, 2020.
KECK, M., SIKKING, K. (1998), Activists beyond Borders: Advocacy Networks in International Politics. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
KENNEDY, Paul. (1989), Ascensão e Queda das Grandes Potências: Transformação Econômica e Conflito Militar de 1500 a 2000; tradução de Waltensir Dutra. Rio de Janeiro: Campus.
KHANN, Jyoti, SANDLER, Todd. (1996), “NATO Burden Sharing: 1960-1992”, Defence and Peace Economics 7: 115-133.
KINDLEBERGER, Charles. (2013), The World in Depression. Los Angeles: University of California Press.
KNORR, K. (1985), “Burden-sharing in NATO: Aspects of U.S. policy”, Orbis 29: 517-36.
KUNERTOVA, D. (2017), “One measure cannot trump it all: lessons from NATO’s early burden-sharing debates”, European security, 26 (4): 552–574.
KUNERTOVA, D. (2020), “Can the New ‘’Magi’ Save Nato?”. War on the Rocks. Available at: https://warontherocks.com/2020/04/can-the-new-magi-save-nato/. Access in: July 2020.
LEGGE, J. Michael. (1983), Theater Nuclear Weapons and the NATO Strategy of Flexible Response. Santa Monica: RAND Corporation.
MANDELBAUM, Michel. (1981), The Nuclear Revolution: International Politics Before and After Hiroshima. New York: Cambridge University Press.
MURDOCH, J.C. (1995). Military Alliances: Theory and Empirics. Handbook of Defense Economics, Elsevier: 89-109.
MURDOCH, James C, SANDLER, Todd. (1991), “NATO burden sharing and the forces of change: Further observations”, International Studies Quarterly 35: 109-114.
NATO. “Strategic Concepts”. Available at: www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_56626.htm. Access in: June 2019
NATO. (2006), NATO Handbook. Public Division of NATO: Brussels.
NATO. “Evolution of NATO Strategy”. Available at: www.nato.int/nato_static_fl2014/assets/pdf/pdf_2009_07/20090728_strategic_concept.pdf. Access in: May 2020.
NATO. “Factsheet of NATO’s enlargement”. Available at: www.nato.int/nato_static_fl2014/assets/pdf/pdf_2016_07/20160627_1607-factsheet- enlargement-eng.pdf. Access in: May 2020.
NATO. “NATO on the Map”. Available at: https://www.nato.int/nato-on-the p/#lat=37.874643&lon=32.493155&zoom=0&layer-1. Access in: May 2020.
NATO’s Defence Planning Committee. “Enhancing Alliance Collective Security”: 10–11.
OLSON, M. (1965). The logic of collective action: Public goods and the theory of groups. (Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA).
OLSON, M., and R. Zeckhauser. (1966), “An economic theory of alliances”, Review of Economics and Statistics 48: 266-279.
OLSON, Mancur. ZECKHAUSER, Richard. (1996), “An economic theory of alliances”, Review of Economics and Statistics 48, (3): 266–79.
ONEAL, J.R., and M.A. Elrod. (1989). “NATO burden sharing and the forces of change”. International Studies Quarterly 33: 435-456.
ONEAL, John R. (1990), “The theory of collective action and burden sharing in NATO”. International Organization 44, n 03: 379 – 402.
PALMER, G. (1990), “Corralling the free rider: Deterrence and the Western alliance”. International Studies Quarterly, 34: 147-164.
RINGSMOSE, Jens. (2010), “NATO Burden-Sharing Redux: Continuity and Change after the Cold War”, Contemporary Security Policy, 31, n 2 (August): 319–338.
ROPER, Steven D., BARRIA, LILIAN, A. (2010), “Burden Sharing in the Funding of the UNHCR: Refugee Protection as an Impure Public Good”, Journal of Conflict Resolution, 54 (4): 616-637.
RUIZ-PALMER, D.A. (2016), “The Framework Nations’ concept and NATO: game-changer for a new strategic era or missed opportunity?”, Rome: NATO Defence College, Research Paper 132.
SAMUELSON, P. (1955), “The Pure Theory of Public Expenditure.”, The Review of Economics and Statistics, 36: 387–89.
SANDLER, T. (1977), “Impurity of defense: An application to the economics of alliances”., Kyklos 30: 443 460.
SANDLER, Todd, FORBES, John F. (1980), “Burden sharing, Strategy and the Design of NATO”, Economic Inquiry 18, n 3: 425–444.
SANDLER, Todd, SHIMIZU, Hirofumi. (2014), “NATO Burden Sharing 1999–2010: An Altered Alliance, Foreign Policy Analysis 10: 43–60.
SAXI, H.L. (2017), “British and German initiatives for defence cooperation: the Joint Expeditionary Force and the Framework Nations concept”, Defence studies, 17 (2): 171–197.
SCHELLING, T. (1980), The Strategy of Conflict. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
SIPRI. “SIPRI Military Expenditure Database”. Available at: https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex. Access in: May 2010.
SNIDAL, D. (1985,. “The Limits of Hegemonic Stability Theory”, International Organization, 39: 579–614.
SNYDER, G. (1984), “The Security Dilemma in Alliance Politics”, World Politics, 36: 461–96.
SPERLING, John, WEBBER, Mark. (2009), “NATO: from Kosovo to Kabul”. International Affairs 85: n 3 (May): 491–511.
STRANGE, Susan. (2014), The Retreat of the State: The diffusion of Power in the World Economy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
TAVARES, Maria da Conceição. (1997). A retomada da hegemonia norte-americana. Em: M.C Tavares e J.L Fiori, 1997. Poder e dinheiro: uma economia política da globalização. Petrópolis: Editora Vozes.
TECHAU, Jan. (2015), The Politics of 2 Percent: NATO and the Security Vacuum in Europe. Brussels: Carnegie Europe.
VITELLI, Marina G. (2017), “The South American Defense Council: the Building of a Community of Practice for Regional Defense”, Rev. Bras. Polít. Int. 60 (2): 1-17.
WALTZ, K.N. (1979). Theory of International Politics. Boston, Mass.: McGraw-Hill.
YPERSELE DE STRIHOU, J. (1967), “Sharing the defense burden among Western allies”. Review of Economics and Statistics 49: 527-536.
ZYLA, B. (2016a), “Who is keeping the peace and who is free-riding? NATO middle powers and burden sharing, 1995–2001”, International politics, 53 (3): 303–323.
ZYLA, B. (2016b), “Nato burden sharing: a new research agenda”, Journal of international organization Studies 7 (2): 5–22.
Téléchargements
Publiée
Numéro
Rubrique
Licence
© Gustavo Fornari Dall'Agnol, Augusto César Dall'Agnol 2021
Ce travail est disponible sous la licence Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International .
href="http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/leis/l9610.htm">Lei de Direito Autoral n. 9610/98, a Lei nº 5.805/72, bem como os Acordos e Tratados Internacionais de Direito Autoral em vigor no Brasil, quais sejam: Convenção de Berna para a Proteção de Obras Literárias e Artísticas (Decreto Nº 75.699, DE 6 DE MAIO DE 1975), Convenção Universal sobre o Direito de Autor (Decreto Nº 76.905, de 24 DE DEZEMBRO DE 1975), e a Convenção Interamericana sobre os Direitos de Autor em Obras Literárias, Científicas e Artísticas (Decreto Nº 26.675, DE 18 DE MAIO DE 1949).(2) Os direitos sobre as publicações nesta revista eletrônica pertencem ao(s) autor(es), com direitos de primeira publicação cedidos à Revista Política Hoje. Em virtude do caráter eletrônico da revista, os artigos são de uso gratuito em aplicações educacionais, sem fins comerciais e disponibilizados na Internet no site da revista.
