O Uso da Geoestatística Espaço-Temporal na Predição da Temperatura Máxima do Ar (The Use of Space-Temporal Geostatistics in the Prediction of Maximum Air Temperature)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.26848/rbgf.v12.1.p096-111Keywords:
Modelagem de Dados Espaço-Temporal, Covariância, variograma, Krigagem Ordinária.Abstract
Processos estocásticos de natureza espaço-temporais consistem de fenômenos que são caracterizados por meio da variabilidade espacial e temporal. Atualmente, é uma das áreas de maior crescimento com diversas aplicações em ciências ambientais, geográficas, biológicas, epidemiológicas, entre outras. Certamente, os métodos da estatística convencional não são adequados para modelar estruturas autocorrelacionadas no espaço e no tempo. De fato, ainda há grandes desafios no tange à implementação computacional da metodologia geoestatística para análise de processos espaços-temporais, com destaque para o pacote spacetime do programa R, utilizado neste estudo. Assim, este trabalho tem como objetivo aplicar a metodologia geoestatística espaço-temporal de funções de covariância a fim de inferir acerca da temperatura máxima do ar do Estado de Minas Gerais de 1996 a 2016, visando contribuir com desafios, tais como aquecimento global, urbanização descontrolada, escassez de recursos naturais, epidemias e catástrofes naturais. Utilizando os dados de 61 estações meteorológicas foi realizada a análise geoestatística espaço-temporal, no qual o modelo de covariância soma-métrico foi o mais adequado, considerando-se o critério do Erro Quadrático Médio. Dessa forma, foi possível elaborar mapas de predições das temperturas máximas do ar no estado de Minas Gerais por meio da krigagem ordinária, assumindo-se estacionariedade de primeira ordem do processo estocástico avaliado. Pode-se observar que os modelos da geoestatística espaço-temporal mostraram ser eficientes nos estudos espaço-temporais das temperaturas máximas do ar.
A B S T R A C T
Stochastic processes of spatio-temporal nature consist of phenomenons that are characterized by spatial and temporal variability. Currently, it is one of the great growing areas with diverse applications in environmental, geographic, biological, epidemiological sciences, among others. Certainly, conventional statistical methods are not adequate to modeling self-correlated structures in space and time. In fact, there are still major challenges regarding the computational implementation of the geostatistical methodology for the analysis of space-time processes, with emphasis on the spacetime package of the R program used in this study. Thus, this work aims to apply the geostatistical methodology of covariance functions in order to infer about the maximum air temperature of the State of Minas Gerais from 1996 to 2016, aiming to contribute with challenges such as heating uncontrolled urbanization, scarcity of natural resources, epidemics and natural disasters. Using the data from 61 meteorological stations, the geostatistical space-time analysis was performed, in which the sum-metric covariance model was the most adequate, considering the criterion of the Mean Squared Error. Thus, it was possible to prepare maps of predictions of maximum air temperatures in the state of Minas Gerais through of ordinary kriging, assuming first order stationarity of the evaluated stochastic process. It can be observed that the models of space-time geostatistics have shown to be efficient in the space-time studies of maximum air temperatures.
Keywords: Spatial-temporal Data Modeling, Covariance, Variogram, Ordinary Kriging.
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Copyright (c) 2019 Rosane Soares Moreira Viana, Gérson Rodrigues dos Santos, Demerval Soares Moreira, João Marcos Louzada, Lidiane Maria Ferraz Rosa

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