Mulheres porto-riquenhas em luta: dos movimentos sociais à resistência neoliberal
DOI :
https://doi.org/10.51359/2179-7501.2025.267544Mots-clés :
feminismo decolonial, resistência anticolonial, mulheres porto-riquenhas, neoliberalismo e austeridade, movimento de independênciaRésumé
Este artigo oferece uma leitura feminista da história anticolonial de Porto Rico, destacando o papel central das mulheres porto-riquenhas na luta pela independência e contra a opressão neoliberal. Por meio de uma abordagem temática e decolonial, o artigo recupera as vozes e experiências de mulheres ativistas da colonização espanhola às mobilizações de massa do século XXI. O texto revela como o colonialismo tem sido um projeto profundamente patriarcal e como as mulheres – de Lolita Lebrón a militantes das FALN e líderes feministas contemporâneas – desafiaram simultaneamente o imperialismo, o capitalismo e o sexismo. Enfatiza a intersecção entre nacionalismo y justiça de gênero, propondo uma descolonização transformadora que desmantela todas as formas de dominação. Por meio dessa abordagem, a história é reescrita a partir de uma perspetiva crítica, antirracista e antipatriarcal.
Références
Acevedo Gaud, L.D.A. (2012). Géneros y procesos electorales en Puerto Rico. Ámbito de Encuentros.V.6, N.1, 269-305.
Al Día (2025). Rivera Lassén breaks with the bipartisan Puerto Rican tradition with a battle cry for LGBTQ+ representation. Retrieved from https://aldianews.com/en/politics/policy/end-bipartisanship?utm_source=chatgpt.com
Al Jazeera. (2021). Puerto Rico declares state of emergency over gender violence. Retrieved from https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/1/25/puerto-rico-declares-state-of-emergency-over -gender-violence
Aratani, L. (2019). Lin-Manuel Miranda joins diaspora protests against Puerto Rico governor. The Guardian. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/jul/17/us-puerto-rico -protests-lin-manuel-miranda
Ayala, C. J., & Bernabé, R. (2007). Puerto Rico in the American century: A history since 1898. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press.
Baralt, G. (1981). Esclavitud y libertad en Puerto Rico: 1645–1873. Río Piedras, PR: Ediciones Huracán
Briggs, L. (2002). Reproducing empire: Race, sex, science, and U.S. imperialism in Puerto Rico. University of California Press.
Calma, J. (2018). Hurricane Maria hit women in Puerto Rico the hardest. And they’re the ones leading the recovery. Grist. Retrieved from https://grist.org/article/hurricane-maria-hit-women-in-puerto-rico-the-hardest-and-theyre-the-ones-building-it-back/
Capetillo, L. (2021). A nation of women: An early feminist speaks out. F. Matos (ed.). New York, NY: Penguin Books.
Capire (2023). Vilma Espín: una revolución dentro de la revolución. Retrieved from https:// capiremov.org/es/experiencias-es/vilma-espin-una-revolucion-dentro-de-revolucion/
Coto, D. (2019, July 25). Puerto Rico governor resigns after protests. Associated Press. Retrieved from https://apnews.com/article/1e1e2b18495d453abcf60b52d58d5416
Darder, A. (2017). Freire y la educación. Madrid, España: Ediciones Morata.
Denis, N. A. (2019). Puerto Ricans rise up against colonialism and austerity. The Nation. Retrieved from https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/puerto-rico-protests-ricky-rossello-resig nation/
Díaz, E. (2014). Unmaking the nation: The politics of identity and decolonial resistance in Puerto Rico. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.
Ferrer Nuñez, S. (2019). Puerto Rican women are fighting back against systemic violence on the island. The Takeaway. Retrieved from https://www.wnycstudios.org/podcasts/takeaway /segments/puerto-rican-women-fighting-back-against-systemic-violence-island-femicide
Flores, L. A., & Atiles-Osoria, J. M. (2020). The Puerto Rican summer: Colonial violence, resistance, and utopian praxis in Puerto Rico. Cultural Dynamics, 32(3), 171–188.
García, M. (2018). Overlooked no more: Julia de Burgos, a poet who helped shape Puerto Rico’s identity. New York Times. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/02/ obituaries /overlooked-julia-de-burgos.html?hp&action=click&pgtype=Homepage&clickSource= story-heading &module=second-column-region®ion=top-news&WT.nav=top-news
González-Cruz, M. (2020). Militant Puerto Ricans, armed struggle & political prisoners. San Juan, PR: Editorial Trastalleres.
Guzmán, W. (2021). Dominga Cruz-Becerril (1909–1981). Black Past. Retrieved from https:/ /www.Blackpast .org/global-african-history/dominga-cruz-becerril-1909-1981/
Harrison Flores, J. (2023). La identidad de Brazo de Oro. Madrid, España: Laberinto.
Jiménez de Wagenheim, O. (2016). Nationalist heroines: Puerto Rican women history forgot, 1930s–1950s. Princeton, NJ: Markus Wiener Publishers.
Joubert-Ceci, B. (2015). Isabel Rosado: Puerto Rican fighter. Workers World. Retrieved from https://www. workers.org/2015/01/17982/
Kishore, N., Marques, D., Mahmud, A., Kiang, M. V., Rodriguez, I., Fuller, A. Fuller, P. Ebner, C. Sorensen, F. Racy, J. Lemery, L. Maas, M.H.S., J.
Leaning, R.A. Irizarry, S. Balsari, and C. O. Buckee, D (2018). Mortality in Puerto Rico after Hurricane Maria. New England Journal of Medicine, 379(2), 162–170.
Lavers, M. K. (2020). Out candidates elected in Puerto Rico. Washington Blade. https://www. washingtonblade.com/2020/11/05/four-out-candidates-elected-in-puerto-rico/
Lugones, M. (2007). Heterosexualism and the colonial/modern gender system. Hypatia, 22(1), 186–209.
Lugones, M. (2010). Toward a decolonial feminism. Hypatia, 25(4), 742–759.
Marshood, H. and R. Al’Sanah (2020). Un movimiento feminista que redefine la liberación y reimagina Palestina. Viento Sur. Retrieved from https://vientosur.info/un-movimiento-feminista-que-redefine-la-liberacion-y-reimagina-palestina/
Mazzei, P. (2019, July 13). Puerto Rico’s governor faces calls to resign after homophobic messages surface. The New York Times. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/13/ us/puerto-rico-governor-telegram.html
McCurdy, J. G. (2020). Gender and violence in early America. In R. Antony, S. Carroll, & C. D. Pennock (Eds.), The Cambridge World History of Violence (Vol. 3, 255–273). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Melendez-Badillo, J. (2024). Puerto Rico: Historia de una nación. Madrid, España: Planeta.
Méndez, K. (2024, March 27). Blanca Canales: Who was the leader of Puerto Rico’s rebellion against the US government? Teen Vogue. Retrieved from https://www.teenvogue.com/ story/blanca-canales-leader-puerto-rico-rebellion-independence
Morales, I. (2019). Through the eyes of rebel women: The Young Lords, 1969–1976. New York, NY: Red Sugarcane Press.
Morales, I. (1998). PALANTE, SIMEPRE PALANTE! The Young Lords in A. Torres & J. E. Velázquez (eds.) The Puerto Rican Movement: Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.
Morales Carrión, A. (1983). Puerto Rico: A political and cultural history. New York, NY: W. W. Norton & Company.
Newman, L. (2002). Helen Rodriguez-Trías: Public health activist who improved the quality of health care for women around the world. British Medical Journal, 324(7331), 242.
Ocasio Vega, M.B. (2019). Puerto Ricans turn to cacerolazos when they have been silenced. Retrieved from https://remezcla.com/features/culture/op-ed-cacerolazos-puerto-rico voices - silenced -ricardo-rossello/
Ortiz Ramos, P.M. (2022). “No vine a matar.” Claridad. Retrieved from https://claridadpuertorico .com/no-vine-a-matar/
Pantojas García, E. (2015). Crónicas del colapso: Economía, política y sociedad de Puerto Rico en el siglo veintiuno. San Juan, PR: Ediciones Callejón.
Paralitici, C. (2004) Sentencia impuesta. 100 anos de encarcelamientos por la independencia de Puerto Rico. San Juan, PR: Ediciones Puerto.
Pérez Moris, J, and González Quijano, L.C. (1872). Insurrección de Lares. Barcelona, España: Establecimiento Tipográfico De Narciso Ramírez Y G.
Power, M. (2019). “Women, gender, and the Puerto Rican nationalist party.” In T. H. Thompson (Ed.), Gendering nationalism: Intersections of nation, gender and sexuality. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
Power, M. (2013). From freedom fighters to patriots: The successful campaign to release the FALN political prisoners, 1980–1999. Centro Journal, 25(1), 146–175.
Price, R. (1996). Maroon societies: Rebel slave Ccmmunities in the Americas. Baltimore, MA: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Ramírez de Arellano, A. B., & Seipp, C. (1983). Colonialism, Catholicism, and contraception: A history of birth control in Puerto Rico. University of North Carolina Press.
Ramírez de Arellano, S. (2022). Puerto Rico, a nation of women. Latino Rebels. Retrieved from https://www.latinorebels.com/2022/03/23/prwomen/
Rivera, M. (2020). From #RickyRenuncia to #WandaRenuncia: Social media and the changing dynamics of Puerto Rican political mobilization. Centro Journal, 32(2), 44–73.
Robles, F., & Mazzei, P. (2019). Puerto Ricans in protest say they have had enough. The New York Times. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/18/us/puerto-rico-rossello-governor-protests.html
Rodríguez, A., Pagán, D., Rodríguez, I. L., & Valentín, C. (1998). Message to Critical Resistance! In Political Prisoners Write Critical Resistance. San Francisco: Freedom Archives.
Rouse, I. (1992). The Taínos: Rise & decline of the people who greeted Columbus. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Santiago Ortiz, A. (2020). Puerto Rico: La Colectiva Feminista en Construcción are leading the resistance. Black Rose. Retrieved from https://www.blackrosefed.org/puerto-rico-la-colectiva-feminista-en-construccion-leading-the-resistance/?utm_source=chatgpt.com
Serrano, S. K. (2025). Intersectional imperial legacies in the U.S. territories. Yale Law Journal Forum, 134, 515–528.
Shokooh Valle, F. (2010, August 7). Puerto Rico remembers independence fighter Lolita Lebrón. MR Online. Retrieved from https://mronline.org/2010/08/07/puerto-rico-remembers-independence-fighter -lolita-lebron/
Stephens, M. T. (2022). Black feminist organizing and Caribbean cyberfeminisms in Puerto Rico. Open Cultural Studies, 6(1), 147–166.
Torres, A. (1987). Alejandrina Torres: A profile of a Puerto Rican prisoner of war. San Juan, PR: Liga por los Derechos y la Liberación de los Pueblos: Capitula Nacional de Puerto Rico (14). Retrieved from Freedom Archive: https://search. freedomarchives.org
Trías Monge, J. (1997). Puerto Rico: The trials of the oldest colony in the world. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Velázquez, José E., Carmen V. Rivera, & Andrés Torres (2021). Revolution around the corner: Voices from the Puerto Rican socialist party in the United States. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.
Zambrana, R. (2021). Colonial Debts. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
Zambrana, R. (2020). Black feminist tactics: On La Colectiva Feminista en Construcción’s politics without guarantees. Society & Space. https://www.societyandspace.org/articles/black-feminist-tactics-on-la-colectiva-feminista-en-construccions-politics-without-guarantees
Téléchargements
Publié-e
Numéro
Rubrique
Licence
© Antonia Darder 2025

Cette œuvre est sous licence Creative Commons Attribution - Pas d'Utilisation Commerciale 4.0 International.
A revista se reserva o direito de efetuar, nos originais, alterações de ordem normativa, ortográfica e gramatical, com o intuito de manter o padrão culto da língua, respeitando, porém, o estilo dos autores;
As opiniões emitidas pelos autores são de sua exclusiva responsabilidade
Os direitos autores para artigos publicadoss nesta são dos autores, com direitos de primeira publicação para a REALIS. Todos o contéudo da revista, com exceção de caos especificamente declarados, é licenciado sob licença Creative Commons CC Atribuição Não Comercial 4.0 Internacional. Devido à política de acesso aberto da Revista, todos os artigos são gratuitos e livres para uso, com atribuição apropriada, para fins educacionais e não-comerciais.