Direitos humanos, orientação sexual e identidade de gênero na commonwealth: da História e do Direito ao desenvolvimento de diálogos ativistas e internacionais
Mots-clés :
sexual orientation, decriminalisation, gender identity, commonwealthRésumé
As temáticas de orientação sexual e identidade de gênero estão chegando ao centro dos debates mundiais sobre direitos humanos e mudança social. Tais debates são particularmente vigorosos em muitos países-membros da Commonwealth, uma vez que a criminalização das práticas sexuais consentidas entre pessoas do mesmo sexo persiste na maioria de seus Estados Membros. O presente artigo busca analisar as causas dessa criminalização e as lutas organizadas pela descriminalização da homossexualidade em diversos desses estados da Commonwealth. O artigo está organizado em cinco partes: na primeira parte, apresentar-se-á resumo da criminalização contemporânea da homossexualidade na Commonwealth, incluindo alguns exemplos atuais de injustiça enfrentada por pessoas em vários estados e abordando as temáticas de direitos humanos, orientação sexual e identidade de gênero. A segunda parte é uma contribuição original para os debates acadêmicos internacionais sobre sexualidade e gênero; com ampla cobertura de exemplos de estados no Sul global. A terceira parte apresenta uma visão histórica da criminalização do comportamento homossexual no Reino Unido, uma vez que é de relevância contextual para todos os países da Commonwealth. A quarta parte fornece a primeira análise sistemática de dados sobre leis relacionadas à orientação sexual e identidade de gênero em cada um dos 54 estados da Commonwealth. Finalmente, a quinta parte examina a própria Commonwealth, com foco nas tentativas existentes de ativistas, especialistas e políticos de endereçar os direitos humanos de maneira generalista e a orientação sexual e a identidade de gênero de maneira específica na agenda da Commonwealth.Références
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