Fatores de risco para parto pré-termo: revisão de escopo
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5205/1981-8963.2026.267158Palavras-chave:
Assistência Pré-Natal, Enfermeiros Obstétricos, Fatores de risco, Trabalho de Parto PrematuroResumo
Objetivo: Identificar na literatura científica os fatores de risco associados ao parto pré-termo. Metodologia: revisão de escopo, seguindo o protocolo PRISMA, com pesquisa realizada em dezembro de 2024 nas bases MEDLINE, CINAHL, PMC e BVS. Foram incluídos estudos publicados entre 2014 e 2024, em inglês, português e espanhol, de abordagem qualitativa e quantitativa. A qualidade metodológica foi avaliada através das checklists do Joanna Briggs Institute. Resultados: Foram identificados 272 estudos, sendo 21 incluídos na análise final. Os principais fatores de risco identificados foram: alterações cervicais, história obstétrica prévia, complicações hipertensivas, infecções urogenitais, fatores socioeconômicos adversos e vigilância pré-natal inadequada. Conclusão: Os fatores identificados fornecem evidência para orientar a identificação precoce de gravidezes de risco e o desenvolvimento de estratégias preventivas direcionadas na prática clínica do enfermeiro especialista em saúde materna e obstétrica. Limitações incluem a heterogeneidade metodológica dos estudos e a predominância de evidência de países desenvolvidos.
Referências
Graça LM. Medicina Materno Fetal. 5 ed. Lisboa: Lidel; 2017. p. 333–48. Available from: www.lidel.pt/pt/catalogo/ciencias-da-saude/obstetricia/medicina-materno-fetal-2/
Sousa APP. Fatores de Risco Para Parto Pré-Termo [Internet]. [Coimbra]: Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Coimbra; 2021. Disponível em: https://estudogeral.uc.pt/retrieve/223425/Trabalho%20final%20-%20Ant%C3%B3nio%20Pedro%20Pinto%20Sousa.pdf
Liong S, Di Quinzio M, Fleming G, Permezel M, Rice G, Georgiou H. New biomarkers for the prediction of spontaneous preterm labour in symptomatic pregnant women: a comparison with fetal fibronectin. BJOG. Feb 2015;122(3):370–9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1471-0528.12993
Roos C, Schuit E, Scheepers H, Bloemenkamp K, Bolte A, Duvekot H, et al. Predictive Factors for Delivery within 7 Days after Successful 48-Hour Treatment of Threatened Preterm Labor. AJP Rep. 2015 June 3;05(02):e141–9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0035-1552930
Rosa NP, Mistura C, Leivas D, Veiga TM, Neves ET, Pereira LD. Risk factors and causes related to newborn prematurity in a hospital institution. Rec Soc Dev [Internet]. 2021 [cited 2026 May 13];10(9):e55610918431. Available from: https://rsdjournal.org/index.php/rsd/article/view/18431
Organização Mundial de Saúde. Recomendações internacionais da OMS sobre intervenções para melhorar os resultados de partos pré-termo. [Internet]. 2015. Available from: www.healthynewbornnetwork.org/hnn-content/uploads/Joint-Statement_PTB_Feb-2017_Portuguese.pdf
Ordem dos Enfermeiros. Regulamento n.o 391/2019 de 3 de maio. Regulamento das competências específicas do enfermeiro especialista em enfermagem de saúde materna e obstétrica. Diário da República, 2a série, no 85. 2019;13560–5. Available from: www.ordemenfermeiros.pt/media/17072/regulamento-n%C2%BA-391-2019_regulamento-das-compet%C3%AAncias-espec%C3%ADficas-do-eesmo.pdf
Vilelas J. Investigação: o processo de construção do conhecimento. 3 ed. Edição. Lisboa: Edições Sílabo; 2020. Available from: www.researchgate.net/publication/263702242_Investigacao_O_processo_de_Construcao_do_Conhecimento
Page MJ, Moher D, Bossuyt PM, Boutron I, Hoffmann TC, Mulrow CD, et al. PRISMA 2020 explanation and elaboration: updated guidance and exemplars for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ. 2021 Mar 29;372:n160. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n160
Aromataris E, Lockwood C, Porritt K, Pilla B, Jordan Z, organizadores. JBI Manual for Evidence Synthesis [Internet]. JBI; 2024 [cited 2025 June 13]. Available from: https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL
George P, DeCastro Molina J, Heng B. The methodological quality of systematic reviews comparing intravitreal bevacizumab and alternates for neovascular age related macular degeneration: A systematic review of reviews. Indian J Ophthalmol. 2014;62(7):761. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4103/0301-4738.138615
Howick J, Chalmers I, Glasziou P, Greenhalgh T, Heneghan C, Liberati A, et al. Explanation of the 2011 Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine (OCEBM) Levels of Evidence (Background Document) [Internet]. Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine. Available from: https://www.cebm.ox.ac.uk/resources/levels-of-evidence/ocebm-levels-of-evidence
Van Tintelen AMG, Jansen DEMC, Bolt SH, Warmelink JC, Verhoeven CJ, Henrichs J. The Association Between Unintended Pregnancy and Perinatal Outcomes in Low‐Risk Pregnancies: A Retrospective Registry Study in the Netherlands. J Midwife Womens Health. 2024 Sept;69(5):755–66. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jmwh.13634
Fernandez Turienzo C, Sandall J, Peacock JL. Models of antenatal care to reduce and prevent preterm birth: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open. 2026 Jan;6(1):e009044. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2015-009044
Fente BM, Asaye MM, Tesema GA, Gudayu TW. Development and validation of a prognosis risk score model for preterm birth among pregnant women who had antenatal care visit, Northwest, Ethiopia, retrospective follow-up study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2023 Oct 17;23(1):732. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-023-06018-1
Vos AA, Van Voorst SF, Waelput AJ, De Jong-Potjer LC, Bonsel GJ, Steegers EA, et al. Effectiveness of score card-based antenatal risk selection, care pathways, and multidisciplinary consultation in the Healthy Pregnancy 4 All study (HP4ALL): study protocol for a cluster randomized controlled trial. Trials. 2015 Dez;16(1):8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1745-6215-16-8
Gejo NG, W/mariam MT, Kebede BA, Abdo RA, Anshebo AA, Halil HM, et al. Factors associated with preterm birth at Wachemo University Nigist Eleni Mohammed memorial hospital, southern Ethiopia: case-control study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2021Dez;21(1):35. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-020-03503-9
Wang N, Lu J, Zhao Y, Wei Y, Gamble J, Creedy DK. The Use of a Brief Antenatal Lifestyle Education Intervention to Reduce Preterm Birth: A Retrospective Cohort Study. Nutrients. 2022 July 7;14(14):2799. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14142799
Fernandez Turienzo C, Hull LH, Coxon K, Bollard M, Cross P, Seed PT, et al. A continuity of care programme for women at risk of preterm birth in the UK: Process evaluation of a hybrid randomised controlled pilot trial. Gleason-Comstock J, organizador. PLoS ONE. 2023 Jan 12;18(1):e0279695. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0279695
Hermans FJR, Koullali B, Van Os MA, Van Der Ven JEM, Kazemier BM, Woiski MD, et al. Repeated cervical length measurements for the verification of short cervical length. Intl J Gynecology & Obste. 2017 Dez;139(3):318–23. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ijgo.12321
Dawes LK, Prentice LR, Huang Y, Groom KM. The Biomarkers for Preterm Birth Study—A prospective observational study comparing the impact of vaginal biomarkers on clinical practice when used in women with symptoms of preterm labor. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2020 Feb;99(2):249–58. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/aogs.13729
Fell D, Sprague A, Grimshaw J, Yasseen A, Coyle D, Dunn S, et al. Evaluation of the impact of fetal fibronectin test implementation on hospital admissions for preterm labour in Ontario: a multiple baseline time‐series design. BJOG. 2014 Mar;121(4):438–46. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1471-0528.12511
Tayebi T, Hamzehgardeshi Z, Ahmad Shirvani M, Dayhimi M, Danesh M. Relationship between Revised Graduated Index (R-GINDEX) of Prenatal Care Utilization & Preterm Labor and Low Birth Weight. GJHS. 2014 Feb 28;6(3): 131. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5539/gjhs.v6n3p131
Fuchs F, Lefevre C, Senat MV, Fernandez H. Accuracy of fetal fibronectin for the prediction of preterm birth in symptomatic twin pregnancies: a pilot study. Sci Rep. 2018.Feb 1;8(1):2160. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-20447-5
Hadži-Legal M, Markova AD, Stefanovic M, Tanturovski M. Combination of selected biochemical markers and cervical length in the prediction of impending preterm delivery in symptomatic patients. Clin Exp Obstet Gynecol. 2016;43(1):154–60. Available from: pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27048042/
Fourie N, Du Rand S, Morton DG. Risks of Preterm Labour among Women Who Attend Public Antenatal Care Clinics. AJNM [Internet]. 2018 June 28 [cited 2025 June 13];20(1). Available from: https://unisapressjournals.co.za/index.php/AJNM/article/view/1537
Halimi Asl AA, Safari S, Parvareshi Hamrah M. Epidemiology and Related Risk Factors of Preterm Labor as an obstetrics emergency. Emerg (Tehran). 2017;5(1):e3. Available from: pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28286810/
Boobpamala S, Jindapaisan S, Wanniyom N, Thessawadwong R. Effectiveness of the Preterm Labor Prevention Program for High-Risk Pregnant Women: A Randomized Controlled Trial. PRIJNR. 2023 Nov 27;28(1):71–87. DOI: https://doi.org/10.60099/prijnr.2024.263001
Omar AI, Mohamed AD, Farah MG, Mahad IA, Mohamed SA, Dimbil AH, et al. Maternal Risk Factors Associated with Preterm Births among Pregnant Women in Mogadishu, Somalia. Children. 2022 Oct 4;9(10):1518. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/children9101518
Leal MDC, Esteves-Pereira AP, Nakamura-Pereira M, Torres JA, Theme-Filha M, Domingues RMSM, et al. Prevalence and risk factors related to preterm birth in Brazil. Reprod Health. 2016 Oct;13(S3):127. Available from: pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5073982/
Azizi A, Mansouri N, Nazarpour H. Relationship between maternal factors and preterm infant birth: a case-control study. fmpcr. 2023;25(3):264–9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5114/fmpcr.2023.130086
Ayebare E, Ntuyo P, Malande OO, Nalwadda G. Maternal, reproductive and obstetric factors associated with preterm births in Mulago Hospital, Kampala, Uganda: a case control study. Pan Afr Med J [Internet]. 2018 [cited 2025 June 13];30. Available from: http://www.panafrican-med-journal.com/content/article/30/272/full/
Harville EW, Knoepp LR, Wallace ME, Miller KS. Cervical pathways for racial disparities in preterm births: the Preterm Prediction Study. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2019 Dec 2;32(23):4022–8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14767058.2018.1484091
Montemor MS, Demarque GF, Rodrigues AS, Francisco RPV, De Carvalho MHB. Association between preterm births and socioeconomic development: analysis of national data. BMC Public Health. 2022 Nov 3;22(1):2014. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-022-14376-2
Liang X, Lyu Y, Li J, Li Y, Chi C. Global, regional, and national burden of preterm birth, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis from the global burden of disease study 2021. eClinicalMedicine. 2024 Oct;76:102840. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2024.102840
Organização Mundial de Saúde. Como melhorar os desfechos clínicos nos partos prematuros [Internet]. 2015. Available from: https://iris.who.int/server/api/core/bitstreams/95c9107a-fa51-4f17-9907-8782823ff524/content
Organização Mundial de Saúde. Nacimientos prematuros. [Internet]. 2023. Available from: https://www.who.int/es/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/preterm-birth
Mitrogiannis I, Evangelou E, Efthymiou A, Kanavos T, Birbas E, Makrydimas G, et al. Risk factors for preterm birth: an umbrella review of meta-analyses of observational studies. BMC Med. 2023 Dez 13;21(1):494. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-023-03171-4
Moholdt T, Aye C, Bahls M, Crispi F, Ghossein-Doha C, Goossens E, et al. A call to action on pregnancy-related lifestyle interventions to reduce cardiovascular risk in the offspring: a scientific statement of the European Association of Preventive Cardiology of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2025 Feb 24:zwaf100. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/eurjpc/zwaf100
Pawłowski B, Madej A, Haczkur-Pawłowska K, Jasiński K, Kowal A, Malczewska J, et al. The role of physical activity, diet, and stress management in maternal and infant health during pregnancy. Qual Sport. 2024 Oct 23;27:55224. DOI: https://doi.org/10.12775/QS.2024.27.55224
Langlois EV, Bizri ME, Thompson K, Reid A, Khalil M, Gasparri G, et al. Intersectoral interventions: integration for impact on preterm birth. Reprod Health. 2025 June 23;22(S2):111. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12978-025-02043-9
Odd DE, Stoianova S, Williams T, Odd D, Edi-Osagie N, McClymont C, et al. Race and Ethnicity, Deprivation, and Infant Mortality in England, 2019-2022. JAMA Netw Open. 2024 Feb 5;7(2):e2355403. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.55403
Zeitlin J, Philibert M, Barros H, Broeders L, Cap J, Draušnik Ž, et al. Socioeconomic disparities in changes to preterm birth and stillbirth rates during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic: a study of 21 European countries. European Journal of Public Health. 2024 July 1;34(Supplement_1):i58–66. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckad186
Direção Geral da Saúde. Organização dos cuidados de saúde na preconceção, gravidez e puerpério [Internet]. 2023. Available from: https://normas.dgs.min-saude.pt/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/norma_001_2023_org_cuidados_preconcecao_gravidez_puerperio.pdf
Di Renzo GC, Bartha JLuis, David AL, Devlieger R, Sentilhes L, Surbek DV, et al. Predicting and preventing preterm birth in Europe: current challenges and gaps. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 31 Dec 2025;38(1):2547687. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14767058.2025.2547687
Organização Mundial de Saúde. OMS: cesarianas só devem ser realizadas se necessárias por motivos médicos [Internet]. 2015. 5. Available from: https://news.un.org/pt/story/2015/04/1508011
Direção Geral da Saúde. Programa Nacional para a Vigilância da Gravidez de Risco. [Internet]. Direção Geral da Saúde. Lisboa; 2015. Available from: https://www.dgs.pt/em-destaque/programa-nacional-para-a-vigilancia-da-gravidez-de-baixo-risco-pdf11.aspx
Celik E, To M, Gajewska K, Smith GCS, Nicolaides KH. Cervical length and obstetric history predict spontaneous preterm birth: development and validation of a model to provide individualized risk assessment.Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2008 May;31(5):549–54. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/uog.5333
Félix J, Matias A, Bartosch C. Cellular dynamics of cervical remodelling: insights from preterm and term labour. Arch Gynecol Obstet. June 2025;311(6):1553–60. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00404-024-07902-7
Downloads
Publicado
Como Citar
Edição
Seção
Licença
Copyright (c) 2026 Cristina Maria de Jesus Serralha Castanho Pires, Cátia Sofia Andrade Teixeira, Maria Otília Brites Zangão
Este trabalho está licenciado sob uma licença Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Desde 2025, os autores mantêm os direitos autorais de seus trabalhos e concedem à Revista de Enfermagem UFPE on line - REUOL o direito de primeira publicação, com o trabalho simultaneamente licenciado sob a licença Creative Commons Atribuição 4.0 Internacional (CC BY 4.0). A Revista de Enfermagem UFPE on line - REUOL permanece com os direitos autorais das obras publicadas nas edições de 2007 a 2024 e concede a licença Creative Commons Atribuição 4.0 Internacional (CC BY 4.0) a esse conteúdo, a fim de garantir o Acesso Aberto.
Qualquer usuário tem direito de:
Compartilhar — copiar e redistribuir o material em qualquer suporte ou formato para qualquer fim, mesmo que comercial.
Adaptar — remixar, transformar e criar a partir do material para qualquer fim, mesmo que comercial.
O licenciante não pode revogar estes direitos desde que você respeite os termos da licença.
De acordo com os termos seguintes:
Atribuição — Você deve dar o crédito apropriado, prover um link para a licença e indicar se mudanças foram feitas. Você deve fazê-lo em qualquer circunstância razoável, mas de nenhuma maneira que sugira que o licenciante apoia você ou o seu uso.
Sem restrições adicionais — Você não pode aplicar termos jurídicos ou medidas de caráter tecnológico que restrinjam legalmente outros de fazerem algo que a licença permita.
Português (Brasil) 
English 
Español (España) 
