Segurança de Barragens e a Borda Livre: Uma Revisão Sistemática das Abordagens e Evoluções Metodológicas
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.26848/rbgf.v18.3.p2157-2177Keywords:
Borda livre, Segurança de barragem, Metodologias de cálculoAbstract
The accurate estimation of the freeboard of dams is crucial to prevent overtopping and ensure structural safety. This article systematically reviews the literature on the conceptualization and methodologies for determining freeboard, highlighting its importance in dam safety. Some traditional methods rely on approximations that can increase costs or compromise safety. The research utilized key terms in both Portuguese and English to locate relevant articles and documents on dam safety and freeboard. Various sources were included, such as scientific articles, government guidelines, and grey literature, without restrictions on the type of material, but primarily focusing on studies related to Brazil and those published in English. The databases used included Google Scholar, CAPES, Web of Science, the USACE library, and ICOLD bulletins. Inclusion criteria focused on relevance and methodological quality, while exclusion criteria removed irrelevant or methodologically deficient studies. The analysis of the results included the origin of the concept, definitions, influencing factors, and calculation methodologies, with a focus on earth dams. The research indicates that the definition of freeboard has evolved over time for inland waters, considering factors such as wind and maximum floods. Gaps were identified, particularly in the lack of specifications for tailings dams and the adequate quantification of hydrological and climatic effects. Despite the use of advanced numerical models, traditional formulas still prevail, with a tendency to follow calculation standards from USACE and USBR.
Downloads
References
ABNT, Associação Brasileira de Normas Técnicas. (1993). NBR 13028: Elaboração e apresentação de projeto de disposição de rejeitos de beneficiamento, em barramento, em mineração. Rio de Janeiro, RJ.
ABNT, Associação Brasileira de Normas Técnicas. (2017). NBR 13028 – Mineração: elaboração e apresentação de projeto de barragens para disposição de rejeitos, contenção de sedimentos e reservação de água – Requisitos (3th ed.). Rio de Janeiro, RJ.
ANA, Agência Nacional de Águas e Saneamento Básico. (2016a). Guia Prático de Pequenas Barragens (8th ed.). Ministério do Meio Ambiente e Mudança do Clima. Brasília, DF.
ANA, Agência Nacional de Águas e Saneamento Básico. (2016b). Diretrizes Para Elaboração de Projetos de Barragens (5th ed.). Ministério do Meio Ambiente e Mudança do Clima. Brasília, DF.
ANCOLD, Australian National Committee on Large Dams. (2019). Guidelines on Planning, Design, Construction, Operation and Closure of Tailings Dams (revision 1). Australia.
ANM, Agência Nacional de Mineração (2022). Resolução ANM nº 95, de 07 de fevereiro de 2022. Ministério de Minas e Energia. Brasília, DF.
Bernedo, C. E., Hadley, L. L., & Haapala, J. C. (2008). Am I Underestimating or Overestimating My Dam Freeboard Design? in World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2008. Ahupua’a, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States.
Bureau of Indian Standards. (1993). Freeboard requirements in embankment dams – Guidelines (IS 10635). Indian Standards. New Delhi, India.
Carneiro, B. L. D. S., Souza Filho, F. d. A. d., Carvalho, T. M. N., & Raulino, J. B. S. (2022). Hydrological risk of dam failure under climate change. Revista Brasileira de Recursos Hídricos, 27(19). https://doi.org/10.1590/2318-0331.272220220017
Central Water Commission. (2019). Analysis and Design Aspects of Embankment Dams. Government of India. Pune, India.
CINS. (1968). Boletim Oficial del Estudo, Comision Interministerial de Normas Sismorresistentes. P.G., S-1, Instituto Geografico y Cadastral.
Dean, R. G., & Dalrymple, R. A. (1992). Water wave mechanics for engineers and scientists: Vol. 2. Advanced series on ocean engineering. World Scientific. https://doi.org/10.1142/1232
DME, Department of Minerals and Energy. (1999). Guidelines on the safe design and operating standards for tailings storage. Government of Western Australia. Australia.
DNRW, Department of Natural Resources and Water. (2007). Guidelines on acceptable flood capacity for dams. Queensland Government's. Australia.
Eletrobras. (1999). Diretrizes para projetos de pequenas centrais hidrelétricas. Brasília, DF. Disponível: https://eletrobras.com/pt/Paginas/Manuais-e-Diretrizes-para-Estudos-e-Projetos.aspx. Acesso: 27 abr. 2024.
Eletrobras. (2003). Critérios de Projeto Civil de Usinas Hidrelétricas. Brasília, DF. Disponível: https://eletrobras.com/pt/Paginas/Manuais-e-Diretrizes-para-Estudos-e-Projetos.aspx. Acesso: 27 abr. 2024.
Eletrobras. (2022, 11 de junho). Segurança de Barragens Hidrelétricas (no. 2) [Audio podcast]. In Série Especial 60 anos Eletrobras. Adriana de Broux. https://eletrobras.com/pt/paginas/historia.aspx. Acesso: 27 abr. 2024.
Huber A. & Hager W.H. (1997). Forecasting Impulse Waves in Reservoirs. 18th ICOLD Congress. Florence, C31: 993-1005.
ICMM, International Council on Mining and Metals. (2021). Tailings management: Good practice guide. Disponível: https://www.icmm.com/en-gb/guidance/innovation/2021/tailings-management-good-practice. Acesso: 07 maio 2024.
ICOLD, International Commission on Large Dams. (1978). Technical Dictionary on Dams. Paris, France.
ICOLD, International Committee on Large Dams (1982). Manual on tailings dams and dumps (Bulletin nº 45). Paris, France.
ICOLD, International Committee on Large Dams (1987). Dam Safety: Guidelines (Bulletin nº 59). Paris, France.
ICOLD, International Committee on Large Dams (1989). Tailings dam safety: Guidelines (Bulletin nº 74). Paris, France.
ICOLD, International Committee on Large Dams (2011). Small Dams: Design, Surveillance and Rehabilitation (Bulletin nº 157). Paris, France.
ICOLD, International Committee on Large Dams (2019). Statistical Analysis of Dam Failures (Bulletin nº 188). Paris, France.
ICOLD, International Committee on Large Dams. (1982). Manual on tailing dams and dumps (Bulletin no. 45). Paris, France.
ICOLD, International Committee on Large Dams. (2019). Statistical Analysis of Dam Failures (Bulletin nº 188). Paris, France.
Martins, R. (2002). A folga em barragens: memória no. 828. Laboratório Nacional de Engenharia Civil, LNEC. Lisboa, Portugal.
Meer, J. W. van der, & Janssen, J. P. (1994). Wave run-up and wave overtopping at dikes and revetments. Delft hydraulics, 485. Emmeloord, Netherlands.
Mello, Flavio M. de; Sandroni, Sandro S.; Guidicini, Guido. (2021). Lições aprendidas com acidentes e incidentes em barragem e obras anexas no Brasil. Rio de Janeiro: Comitê Brasileiro de Barragens, 2021. ISBN 978-65-990860-1-4.
Morrill, J., Chambers, D., Emerman, S., Harkinson, R., Kneen, J., Lapointe, U., Maest, A., Milanez, B., Personius, P., Sampat, P., and Turgeon, R. (2022). Safety First: Guidelines for Responsible Mine Tailings Management, Earthworks, MiningWatch Canada and London Mining Network, XY pages.
PERINI, Daniel Sosti. (2009). Estudo dos processos envolvidos na análise de riscos de barragens de terra. Dissertação de Mestrado, Universidade de Brasília. Brasília, DF.
Pohl, R. (2014). Freeboard allowance at rivers – experiences from Germany. In River Flow 2014. CRC press.
Quelopana, H., & Barrera, S. (2015). A definition of freeboard. In 3rd International Seminar on Tailings Management- Tailings 2015. Santiago, Chile.
SANCOLD, South African National Committee on Large Dams. (1990). Guidelines on Freeboard for Dams (Report no. 3). South Africa.
SANCOLD, South African National Committee on Large Dams. (2011). Guidelines on Freeboard for Dams (2). Water Research Commission. South Africa.
Saville, T. (1952). Wind set-up and waves in shallow water (technical memorandum no. 27). Beach Erosion Board, Corps of Engineers. Denver, Colorado.
Saville, T. (1954). The effect of fetch width on wave generation (technical memorandum no. 70). Beach Erosion Board, Corps of Engineers. Denver, Colorado.
Saville, T., McClendon, E. W., & Cochran, A. L. (1962). Freeboard allowances for wave in inland reservoirs. Journal of the Waterways and Harbors Division, 88(2). https://doi.org/10.1061/JWHEAU.0000281
Soares, L. (2010). Barragem de Rejeitos. In Tratamento de Minérios (5a ed., pp. 831–896). Rio de Janeiro, RJ.
Sverdrup, H., & Munk, W. (1947). Wind, sea, and swell: Theory of relations for forecasting (Technical report number 1). U.S. Hydrographic Office. California, U.S.
Szymanski, M. B., & Davies, M. P. (2004). Tailings dams: Design criteria and safety evaluations at closure. In British columbia mine reclamation symposium. University of British Columbia. https://doi.org/10.14288/1.0042456
Tessema, N. N. (2020). Physical modelling of dam overtopping from landslide generated waves. Addis Ababa University. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
Tessema, N. N., Lia, L., Jabir, A. K., & Sigtryggsdottir, F. G. (2017). The impact of freeboard on embankment dams. In HydroAfrica 2017. Marrakesh, Morroco.
The Rock Manual. (2007). The Rock Manual. The use of rock in hydraulic engineering (2nd edition). CIRIA; CUR; CETMEF. C683, CIRIA, London.
USACE, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. (1962). Waves in Inland reservoirs (no. 132). Beach Erosion Board. Washington, DC.
USACE, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. (1976). Wave runup and wind setup on reservoir embankments (EM 1110-2-221). Engineering Technical Letter. Washington, DC.
USACE, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. (1979). Recommended guidelines for safety inspection of dams (ER 1110-2-106). Office of the Chief of Engineers. Washington, DC.
USACE, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. (1986). Storm surge analysis and design water level determinations (EM 1110-2-1412). Office of the Chief of Engineers. Washington, DC.
USACE, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. (1989). Water levels and wave heights for coastal engineering design (EM 1110-2-1414). Office of the Chief of Engineers. Washington, DC.
USACE, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. (1991). Inflow Design Floods for Dams and Reservoirs (ER 1110-8-2). Washington, DC.
USACE, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. (1997). Hydrologic Engineering Requirements for reservoirs (EM 1110-2-1420). Office of the Chief of Engineers. Washington, DC.
USACE, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. (2004). General Design and Construction Considerations for Earth and Rock-Fill Dams (EM 1110-2-2300). Office of the Chief of Engineers. Washington, DC.
USACE, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. (2006). Coastal Engineering Manual (EM 1110-2-1100). Office of the Chief of Engineers. Washington, DC.
USACE, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. (2008). Coastal Engineering Manual (EM 1110-2-1100). Office of the Chief of Engineers. Washington, DC.
USACE, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. (2018). Hydrologic Engineering Requirements for reservoirs (EM 1110-2-1420). Office of the Chief of Engineers. Washington, DC.
USBR, U.S. Bureau of Reclamation. (1981). Freeboard criteria and guidelines for computing freeboard allowances for storage dams (no. 2). Assistant Commissioner - Engineering and Research. Denver, Colorado.
USBR, U.S. Bureau of Reclamation. (1992). Freeboard criteria and guidelines for computing freeboard allowances for storage dams (no. 2 revised). Assistant Commissioner - Engineering and Research. Denver, Colorado.
USBR, U.S. Bureau of Reclamation. (2012). Design standards nº 13 – Embankment dams (DS-13(6)-2). Technical Service Center. Denver, Colorado.
Vale (2024). Manual de barragens e estrutura de armazenamento de rejeitos (EARs) da Vale. Disponível: https://vale.com/pt/biblioteca-de-documentos. Acesso: 07 maio 2024.
Water Research Commission. (2011). Guidelines on Freeboard for Dams: Literature Review and Case Studies (1). University of Stellenbosch. South Africa.
Zhang, L. M., Xu, Y., & Jia, J. S. (2009). Analysis of earth dam failures: a database approach. Georisk: Assessment and Management of Risk for Engineered Systems and Geohazards, 3(3), 184-189. https://doi.org/10.1080/17499510902831759.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Rute Cavalcante Pereira, Ticiana Marinho de Carvalho Studart
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with Revista Brasileira de Geografia Física agree to the following terms:
Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) license that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
Authors are permitted to make their work available online before or during the editorial process, on academic social networks, digital repositories, or preprint servers. After publication in Revista Brasileira de Geografia Física, authors are expected to update the preprint or postprint versions on the platforms where they were originally made available, providing a link to the final published version and any other relevant information, with proper recognition of authorship and the initial publication in this journal.
You are free to:
Share — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format for any purpose, even commercially.
Adapt — remix, transform, and build upon the material for any purpose, even commercially.
The licensor cannot revoke these freedoms as long as you follow the license terms.
Under the following terms:
Attribution — You must give appropriate credit , provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made . You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.
No additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.
