Redes Neurais Artificiais na Previsão de Queimadas e Incêndios no Pantanal (Artificial Neural Networks in Prediction of Forest Fires and Burns in the Pantanal)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.26848/rbgf.v.10.p1355-1367Keywords:
Previsão de Fogo, Monitoramento Ambiental, Inteligência ArtificialAbstract
O bioma pantaneiro é acometido anualmente por um grande número de queimadas e incêndios. Prever esses eventos é de suma importância, uma vez que, prejuízos à fauna e à flora poderiam ser minimizados e catástrofes evitadas. Uma intervenção imediata do poder público na mitigação desses eventos passa, essencialmente, pela previsão do número de focos e das áreas queimadas, e posteriormente, na localização desses focos e na identificação das áreas. Dados precisos sobre as variáveis ambientais, em tempo real, podem ser obtidos através do sensoriamento remoto, aliado aos sistemas de informações geográficas, às técnicas de inteligência artificial e estatística aplicada, favorecendo às tomadas de decisão na previsão. O objetivo deste estudo foi aplicar a técnica de Redes Neurais Artificiais (RNAs) para a previsão dos focos e das áreas queimadas no Pantanal Sul-Mato-Grossense. O centro de previsão de tempo e estudos climáticos do Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE), bem como, o Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia (INMET) possuem bancos de dados do Pantanal, dos quais, as variáveis envolvidas nesse processo foram extraídas. Utilizando as RNAs do tipo Multilayer Perceptron, com algoritmo Retropropagation de aprendizagem foi possível prever o valor do número de focos com um ajuste de 84,8% utilizando um conjunto de variáveis meteorológicas como preditoras e, de 99,4% usando como preditora, somente a série temporal do número de focos. No entanto, o ajuste passou a ser 90,3% ao se realizar a previsão da área queimada, utilizando as mesmas variáveis, e de 98,6%, usando como preditora, somente os dados da área queimada.
A B S T R A C T
On a year basis the Pantanal biome is affected by a large number of fires and fire points. Predicting these events is of paramount importance, since damage to fauna and flora could be minimized and disasters might be avoided. Immediate intervention of the government in mitigating these events essentially depends on the identification and location of fire outbreaks. Accurate and reliable data on environmental variables in real time can be obtained by means of remote sensing coupled with geographic information systems, techniques of artificial intelligence and applied statistics, which would favor the decision-making in foreseeing fire foci and burned area. The aim of this study was to apply the technique of artificial neural networks to predict the fire foci and burned areas in the Pantanal Sul-Mato-Grossense. The center for weather forecast and climate studies of the National Institute for Space Research (INPE) and the National Institute of Meteorology (INMET) afford meteorological database of the Pantanal region, from which the environmental variables involved in this process were extracted. By using Multilayer Perceptron Artificial Neural Networks with Backpropagation algorithm, it was possible to predict the value of the number of fire foci with an adjustment of 84,8% using a set of meteorological variables as predictors and of 99,4% using as a predictor only the time series of the number fire foci. However, the adjustment became 90,3% when the forecast of the burned area, using the same meteorological variables, and 98,6%, using as a predictor, only the time series of the burned area.
Keywords: fire forecasting, environmental monitoring,artificial intelligence.
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Copyright (c) 2017 Hevelyne Henn da Gama Viganó, Celso Correia de Souza, Marcia Ferreira Cristaldo, Leandro de Jesus

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