Estimativas de poluentes atmosféricos do Sistema de Transportes em Manaus a partir da abordagem Bottom-Up

Resumo

Foram estimadas as emissões antrópicas de gases de efeito estufa e poluentes atmosféricos para cidade de Manaus oriundas da mobilidade urbana, adotando as orientações do IPCC e as recomendações do governo brasileiro, no que tange ao uso de biomassa na matriz energética, assim como as experiências relatadas por outros grandes centros brasileiros que já publicaram seus inventários. A cidade apresentou crescimento demográfico vertiginoso nos últimos 50 anos graças à edição do Decreto 288/67 que instituiu o modelo econômico Zona Franca de Manaus com incentivos fiscais ao setor industrial. Neste período a população saltou de 314.197 habitantes em 1970 para 2.094.391 em 2016. Com uma frota de veículos de 710.586, a cidade apresenta uma série de problemas, seja de infraestrutura pela quase ausência de planejamento urbano, seja pela precariedade dos serviços públicos. As emissões são representativas da frota e, muito embora, venham reduzindo nas últimas décadas, sobretudo, em face da implementação de diversas fases do Programa de Controle da Poluição do Ar por Veículos Automotores – PROCONVE e Programa de Controle da Poluição do Ar por Motocicletas e Veículos Similares - PROMAT, os resultados são de ordem preocupante e precisam fomentar o desenvolvimento de políticas públicas de transporte e saúde inerentes à qualidade do ar.

Analysis of the Displacement of Emissions Pollutants in the Manaus city, Brazil

A B S T R A C T

The anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases and atmospheric pollutants to the city of Manaus from urban mobility were estimated by adopting the IPCC guidelines and recommendations of the Brazilian government regarding the use of biomass in the energy matrix, as well as the reported experiences by other major Brazilian centers that have already published their inventories. The city has experienced rapid growth in the last 50 years thanks to the publication of Decree 288/67, which established the economic model of the Free Zone of Manaus with tax incentives for the industrial sector. In this period the population jumped from 314,197 inhabitants in 1970 to 2,094,391 in 2016. With a fleet of 710,586 vehicles, the city presents a series of problems, be it infrastructure due to the almost absence of urban planning or the precariousness of public services. The estimates were elaborated from the Bottom-Up approach, whose methodology is most recommended when the volume of data and information is more robust. Were considered the stratified circulating fleet by thermodynamic cycle, the intensity of use and emission factors as suggested by the IPCC (2006) and guided by the Brazilian government (Brazil, 2011). The emissions are representative of the fleet and, although they have been reducing in the last decades, mainly, due to the implementation of several phases of the Air Pollution Control Program for Motor Vehicles - PROCONVE and Air Pollution Control Program for Motorcycles and Similar vehicles - PROMAT, the results are of concern and must foster the development of public transport and health policies related to air quality. Likewise, the adoption of a standard methodology with recommendations and clear definitions for border conditions is the major challenge required to demonstrate the comparability of emissions between different urban centers, in historical scenarios, in order to contribute to the construction of Municipal Mobility Plans Urban.

Key words: Urban mobility; Greenhouse gases; Atmospheric pollutants; Inventories; low carbon technologies.