Efeitos do Desmatamento em Larga-Escala na Hidrologia da Bacia do Uraim, Amazônia (Effects of large-scale deforestation on hydrology of Uraim basin, Amazonia)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5935/1984-2295.20160171Keywords:
mudança de cobertura do solo, hidroclimatologia, precipitação, vazãoAbstract
A conversão de florestas tropicais é um grande problema ambiental, com impactos no clima e nos regimes hidrológicos. Diversas pesquisas apontam que o desmatamento em larga-escala da Amazônia poderia levar a alterações no clima, se refletindo em redução de chuvas. Assim, o objetivo aqui é analisar o impacto da mudança de cobertura vegetal na precipitação e na vazão de uma bacia de grande-escala na Amazônia, a qual já sofreu desflorestamento extenso. A Bacia do Rio Uraim, localizada no Pará, foi então selecionada porque originalmente era uma área de floresta, mas atualmente já experimentou desflorestamento da ordem de 65% de sua extensão. Usando série histórica de dados, testes estatísticos z-teste e t-teste foram realizados para verificar as diferenças hidrológicas entre dois períodos (representando condições distintas de cobertura vegetal). Os resultados indicam que a precipitação média anual do período desmatado é aproximadamente 25% menor que para os anos com floresta (p=0,04). Como consequência da diminuição de chuvas há uma redução de 22% na vazão do canal (p=0,006). No que diz respeito aos regimes da bacia os resultados também indicam redução de 65% na precipitação durante a estação seca (p=0,0001) e de 36% na vazão durante os meses de estiagem (p=8,9E-8). Esses resultados são particularmente relevantes uma vez que confirmam com dados de campo a ocorrência de decréscimo na chuva como resultado de desmatamento em larga-escala, fenômeno apontado até então apenas como previsão, obtida por meio de simulações, para cenários futuros.
A B S T R A C T
Conversion of tropical forests is a major environmental problem, with impacts on climate and on hydrological regimes. Several researches point that Amazon deforestation on a large scale could lead to climate changes, reflecting in reduced rainfall. So, objective here is to analyze the impact of vegetation cover changes in precipitation and streamflow of a large-scale catchment in Amazon which has already undergone extensive deforestation. The Uraim River Basin, located in Pará, was then selected because this was originally a rainforest area, but currently has already experienced deforestation in the order of 65% of its extension. Using long-time series data, classical statistical z-tests and t-tests were performed to verify the hydrological differences between two periods (representing different conditions of land cover vegetation). The results indicate that mean annual precipitation of deforested period is approximately 25% lower than the values for forested years (p=0.04). As consequence of decreasing rainfall there is a 22% reduction in the channel´s discharge (p=0.006). Regarding basin´s regime the results also indicate a 65% reduction in precipitation during dry season (p = 0.0001) and a 36% reduction in streamflow during low-flow months (p = 8,9E-8). These results are particularly relevant once confirm with field data the occurrence of decrease in rainfall as a result of large-scale deforestation, phenomenon pointed until now only as forecasts obtained by various simulations of future scenarios.
Keywords: land cover change, hydroclimatology, precipitation, streamflow.
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